Footnotes
1. This chart shows the 88% of Scottish GHG emissions that are the focus of this study
2. All emissions data are in annual terms, in CO 2 equivalent designated as CO 2eq
3. This study considers a basket of GHG emissions that are 88% of total current Scottish GHG emissions, see Section 3.4
4. Costs in the years up to 2050 will vary and are not covered in this report
5. This report refers throughout to BERR/Defra, changes to these departments has resulted in many of the responsibilities previously assigned to these Departments now being the responsibility of the Department of Energy and Climate Change ( DECC).
6. Speech by John Swinney on 21 June 2007: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/This-Week/Speeches/Greener/climatechangejun21
7. Government Economic Strategy http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/11/12115041/0
8. These are based upon the NAEI sectors and their definitions.
9. "We have a vast potential in renewable energy - that is unrivalled in Europe" - Alex Salmond- http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/This-Week/Speeches/First-Minister/renewables/Q/EditMode/on/ForceUpdate/on
10. See http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/reports/cat07/0709180935_DA_GHGi_1990-2005_v2.xls - Since this analysis was completed a revised report was published.
11. National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory AEA - August 2007. While emissions data for 2006 is now available this analysis was undertaken prior to the publication of the 2006 data.
12. National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory AEA - August 2007
13. "Other" emissions in this chart are primarily methane emissions from the distribution of natural gas
14. The 5 Strategic Objectives are to map a Scotland that is Wealthier & Fairer, Smarter, Healthier, Safer & Stronger and Greener.
15. http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html
16. http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/page39534.html
17. See http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/reports/cat07/0709180935_DA_GHGi_1990-2005_v2.xls - Since this analysis was completed a revised NAEI report has been published.
18. Published by the then DTI, now the policy responsibility of BERR
19. CCS would not completely decarbonise electricity generation as it is only likely to be 90-95% effective in removing CO2.
20. The ranking of policy E5 includes an adjustment for uncertainty - see Section 5.1 for details
21. Issues on the supply of biomass are discussion in Section 4.9
22. Abatement potential from AD is the reduction in emissions from heating fuel that would other wise have been used - avoided emissions from electricity generation and landfill are not included in this sector.
23. Loans are already available in Scotland to SMEs installing biomass boilers.
24. The ranking of policies B2, B4, B5 and B6 include an adjustment for uncertainty - see Section 5.1 for details
25. See: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/This-Week/Speeches/Greener/vision-for-waste/
26. Indirect emissions from electricity use are accounted for in the electricity generation sector.
27. While the zero carbon homes policy does not apply to Scotland, the 2007 Sullivan Report "A Low Carbon Building Standards Strategy for Scotland" has recommended similar measures for Scotland - see http://www.sbsa.gov.uk/pdfs/Low_Carbon_Building_Standards_Strategy_For_Scotland.pdf.
28. These figures are provided for 2020 rather than 2030 as elsewhere in this report as they are taken from the UK Energy Efficiency Action Plan.
29. Note: accelerated demolition would improve the in-use efficiency of the housing stock, but there could be negative impacts on resource efficiency once the embedded carbon of building materials and the environmental impacts of demolition/construction are taken into account.
30. Oxera: Policies for energy efficiency in the UK household sector January 2006
31. Sullivan 2007. A Low Carbon Building Standards Strategy for Scotland, Panel of Scottish Ministers, 2007 http://www.sbsa.gov.uk/pdfs/Low_Carbon_Building_Standards_Strategy_For_Scotland.pdf
32. The impact on costs and construction practice in Scotland of any further limitation of carbon dioxide emissions from new buildings. Turner & Townsend for Scottish Buildings Standards Agency, November 2007.
33. Figures used were 3p/kWh for gas and 10p/kWh for electricity
34. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/household/supplier/pdf/evidence-call.pdf
35. "The impact on costs and construction practice in Scotland of any further limitation of carbon dioxide emissions from new buildings", Turner & Townsend for Scottish Buildings Standards Agency, November 2007.
36. "Reducing carbon emissions from the UK housing stock", Building Research Establishment, 2005.
37. "Micro- CHP Accelerator Interim Report", Carbon Trust, November 2007
38. From Allegra Project Renew, UK Consumer Perspectives on Renewable Energy, October 2006
39. The ranking of policies D1, D2, D3, D4, D6 and D7 include an adjustment for uncertainty - see Section 5.1 for details
40. The term NO x refers to emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), which together are commonly referred to as oxides of nitrogen. No other types of emissions are included within the definition of NO x.
41. http://www.dft.gov.uk/rfa/reportsandpublications/reviewoftheindirecteffectsofbiofuels.cfm
42. Smarter Choices are techniques for influencing people's travel behaviour towards more sustainable options such as encouraging school, workplace and individualised travel planning (see www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/smarterchoices/)
43. http://www.dft.gov.uk/rfa/reportsandpublications/reviewoftheindirecteffectsofbiofuels.cfm
44. Shown as percentage reduction of transport sector emissions in 2030 (or 2050) not 1990.
45. The large range of possible values reflects the different fuel options for producing hydrogen.
46. The ranking of policies T5 to T10, T13 and T14 include an adjustment for uncertainty - see Section 5.1 for details
47. Jarvis SC, Beevor DE, Webb J, ApSimon H and Gibson AI, 2001. Cost curve assessment of mitigation options in greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, Defra project CC0229, 2001. See: http://www2.defra.gov.uk/research/Project_Data/More.asp?I=CC0229&M=KWS&V=Gas
48. Methane, CH 4, is one of three main GHG arising from the agricultural industry that contribute to the total CO 2 eq emissions, see Figure 18.
49. The qualitative estimate of cost is the estimated cost of implementing the measure by the farming industry. It does not attempt to take account of the consequent costs or benefits to wider society.
50. Moorby JM, Chadwick DR, Scholefield D, Chambers, BJ, Williams, JR, (2007), A Review of Research to Identify Best Practice for Reducing Greenhouse Gases from Agriculture and Land Management, Per of Project (CC0206). UK Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA).
51. The ranking of policies A1 to A3, and A7 to A9 include an adjustment for uncertainty - see Section 5.1 for details
52. Mason, W.L. (2007) Silviculture of Scottish forests at a time of change. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 24, 41-57.
53. Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B., Ogle, S., O'Mara, F., Rice, C., Scholes, B., Sirotenko, O., Howden, M., McAllister, T., Pan, G., Romanenkov, V., Schneider, U., Towprayoon, S., Wattenbach, M. and Smith, J. (2008) Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 363, 789-813.
54. Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B., Ogle, S., O'Mara, F., Rice, C., Scholes, B., Sirotenko, O., Howden, M., McAllister, T., Pan, G., Romanenkov, V., Schneider, U., Towprayoon, S., Wattenbach, M. and Smith, J. (2008) Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 363, 789-813.
55. Includes the impact of measures L2 to L7
56. Policy T7 is assumed to be adopted in place of this measure - see Section 5.1 for details
57. Cost for this measure set at the mid-point of the low cost range (£50/tCO2eq)
58. Cost for this measure set at the mid-point of the low cost range (£50/tCO2eq)
59. Costs for these measures set at the mid point of medium cost range (200/tCO2eq), this is conservative as costs are very uncertain but likely to be lower
60. Costs for these measures set at the mid point of medium cost range (200/tCO2eq), this is conservative as costs are very uncertain but likely to be lower
61. This study considers a basket of GHG emissions that are 88% of total current Scottish GHG emissions, see Section 3.4
62. Costs in the years up to 2050 will vary and are not covered in this report
63. Costs in the years up to 2050 will vary and are not covered in this report
64. The Sullivan report recommends 30% reduction by 2011, 60% for 2013 and net zero carbon for 2016/17 if practical. We have assumed D1 (and D2-D4) is implemented from 2010 as a single step rather than a phased introduction for simplicity of modelling. Clearly if the measure is introduced later then fewer houses will have been built to these standards by 2030 or 2050 and so the emissions savings (and costs) will be lower.