REFERENCES
Anoro, M, Lundain, E and Santisteban, O (2003) 'Barcelona's Safer Injection Facility - Eva: A Harm Reduction Program Lacking Official Support' ,The Journal of Drug Issues, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp 689-712
Association of Drug Action Teams (2005) Drug Related Deaths Short Life Information Sharing Sub-Group: Final Report
Baca, CT and Grant, KJ (2005) 'Take-home naloxone to reduce heroin death', Addiction, Vol. 100, No. 12, pp1823-1831
Barrow, SM, Herman, DH, Cordova, P and Struening, EL (1999) 'Mortality Among Homeless Shelter Residents in New York City', American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 89, No. 4, pp 529-534
Bartu, A, Freeman, NC, Gawthorne, GS, Codde, JP and Holman, CD (2004) 'Mortality in a cohort of opiate and amphetamine users in Perth, Western Australia', Addiction, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp 53-60
Beletsky, L, Ruthazer, R, Macalino, GE, Rich, JD, Tan, L and Burris, S (2007) 'Physicians' knowledge of and willingness to prescribe naloxone to reverse accidental opiate overdose: challenges and opportunities', Journal of Urban Health, Vol. 84, No. 1, pp 126-36
Bell, J and Zador, D (2000) 'A risk-benefit analysis of methadone maintenance treatment drug safety', Vol. 22, pp 179-190
Bennett, GA and Higgins, DS (1999) 'Accidental overdose among injecting drug users in Dorset, UK', Addiction, Vol. 94, No. 8, pp 1179-1190
Bennett, J, Stevens, G, Walker, A, Williams, H, Winter, A and Hamilton-Deeley, V (2006) 'A coordinated response to the high drug death rate in Brighton & Hove', Probation Journal, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp 265-277
Bernstein, KT, Bucciarelli, A, Markham Piper, T, Gross, C, Tardiff, K and Galea, S (2007) 'Cocaine- and opiate-related fatal overdose in New York City, 1990-2000', BMC Public Health, Vol. 7, No. 31, available from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/31
Best, D, Gossop, M, Man, LH, Stillwell, G, Coomber, R and Strang, J (2002) 'Peer overdose resuscitation: multiple intervention strategies and time to response by drug users who witness overdose' ,Drug and Alcohol Review, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp 269-274
Bird, S and Hutchinson, S (2003) 'Male drugs-related deaths in the fortnight after release from prison: Scotland, 1996-99', Addiction, Vol. 98, pp 185-190
Buster, MCA, van Brussel, GHA and van den Brink, W (2002) 'An increase in overdose mortality during the first 2 weeks after entering or re-entering methadone treatment in Amsterdam', Addiction, Vol. 97, No. 8, pp 993-1001
Canning, UP, Kennell-Webb, SA, Marshall, EJ, Wessely, SC and Peters, TJ (1999) 'Substance misuse in acute general medical admissions', QJM, Vol. 92, No. 6, pp 319-326
Cheeta, S, Schifano, F, Oyefeso, A, Webb, L and Ghodse, AH (2004) 'Antidepressant-related deaths and antidepressant prescriptions in England and Wales, 1998-2000', British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 184, pp 41-47
Coffin, PO, Galea, S, Ahern, J, Leon, AC, Vlahov, D and Tardiff, K (2003) 'Opiates, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City', 1990-98, Addiction, Vol. 98, No. 6, pp 739-747
Cook, S, Moeschler, O, Michaud, K and Yersin, B (1998) 'Acute Opiate Overdose: Characteristics of 190 Consecutive Cases', Addiction, Vol. 93, No. 10, pp 1559-1565
Cullen, W, Bury, G and Langton, D (2000) 'Experience Of Heroin Overdose Among Drug Users Attending General Practice', British Journal of General Practice, Vol. 50, No. 456,
Darke, S and Ross, J (2001) 'The relationship between suicide and heroin overdose among methadone maintenance patients in Sydney, Australia', Addiction, Vol. 96, No. 10, pp 1443-1453
Darke, S and Ross, J (2002) 'Suicide among heroin users: rates, risk factors and methods', Addiction, Vol. 97, No. 11, pp 1383-1394
Darke, S, Kaye, S and Duflou, J (2006) 'Systemic disease among cases of fatal opioid toxicity', Addiction, Vol. 101, No. 9, pp 1299-1305
Darke, S, Williamson, A, Ross, J and Teesson, M (2005) 'Non-fatal heroin overdose, treatment exposure and client characteristics: findings from the Australian treatment outcome study (ATOS)', Drug and Alcohol Review, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp 425-432
Davoli, M, Bargagli, AM, Perucci, CA, Schifano, P, Belleudi, V, Hickman, M, Salamina, G, Diecidue, R, Vigna-Taglianti, F and Faggiano, F (2007) 'Risk of fatal overdose during and after specialist drug treatment: the VEdeTTE study, a national multi-site prospective cohort study', Addiction, Vol. 102, pp 1954-1959
Degenhardt, L, Day, C, Dietze, P, Pointer, S, Conroy, E, Collins, L and Hall, W (2005) 'Effects of a sustained heroin shortage in three Australian States' ,Addiction, Vol. 100, pp 908-920
Degenhardt, L. J, Conroy, E, Gilmour, S and Hall, W. D (2005) 'The effect of a reduction in heroin supply on fatal and drug overdoses in New South Wales Australia', Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 182, No. 1, pp 20-23
Dietze, P, Cantwell, K and Burgess, S (2002) 'Bystander resuscitation attempts at heroin overdose: does it improve outcomes?', Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp 213-218
Dietze, P, Jolley, D, Fry, C and Bammer, G (2005) 'Transient changes in behaviour lead to heroin overdose: results from a case-crossover study of non-fatal overdose', Addiction, Vol. 100, No. 5, pp 636-642
Dietze, PM, Cvetkovski, S, Rumbold, G and Miller, P (2000) 'Ambulance attendance at heroin overdose in Melbourne: the establishment of a database of Ambulance Service records', Drug and Alcohol Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp 27-33
Digiusto, E, Shakeshaft, A, Ritter, A, O'Brien, S and Mattick, RP (2004) 'Serious adverse events in the Australian National Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Dependence (NEPOD)', Addiction, Vol. 99, No. 4, pp 450-460
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Number of acute drug-related deaths recorded in EU member states (25 members and candidates) according to national definitions, 1990 to 2005, available at http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index39703EN.html
Farrell, M, Neeleman, J, Griffiths, P and Strang, J (1996) 'Suicide and overdose among opiate addicts', Addiction, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp 321-323
Fiddler, C, Squires, T, Sherval, J, Busuttil, A and Gorman, D (2001) 'A review of GP records relating to methadone-associated deaths in the Lothian region of Scotland 1997-9', Journal of Substance Use, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp 96-100
Fischer, B, Brissette, S, Brochu, S, Bruneau, J, el-Guebaly, N, Noël, L, Rehm, J, Tyndall, M, Wild, C, Mun, P, Haydon, E and Baliunas, D (2004) 'Determinants of overdose incidents among illicit opioid users in 5 Canadian cities', Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 171, No. 3, pp 235-239
Fitzgerald, J, Dovey, K, Dietze, P and Rumbold, G (2004) 'Health outcomes and quasi-supervised settings for street injecting drug use', International Journal of Drug Policy, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp 247-257
Fitzgerald, J, Hamilton, M and Dietze, P (2000) 'Walking Overdoses: A Re-Appraisal of Non-Fatal Illicit Drug Overdose', Addiction Research, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp 327-355
Freeman, R. C and French, J. F (1995) 'What is the addicts' grapevine when there's 'bad dope'?: An investigation in New Jersey', Public Health Reports, Vol. 110, No.5, pp 621-624
Fry, C, Fox, S and Rumbold, G (1999) 'Establishing Safe Injecting Rooms in Australia: Attitudes of Injecting Drug Users', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp 501-504
Fugelstad, A, Stenbacka, M, Leifman, A, Nylander, M and Thiblin, I (2007) 'Methadone maintenance treatment: the balance between life-saving treatment and fatal poisonings', Addiction, Vol. 102, No. 3, pp 406-412
General Register Office for Scotland (2007) Drug-related Deaths in Scotland in 2006
General Register Office for Scotland (2008) Drug Related Deaths in Scotland 2007
Gibbs, G. R. (2002) Qualitative Data Analysis: Explorations with Nvivo. Open University Press
Gibson, A, Degenhardt, L, Mattick, RP, Ali, R, White, J and O'Brien, S (2008) 'Exposure to opioid maintenance treatment reduces long-term mortality', Addiction, Vol. 103, No. 3, pp 462-468
Gossop, M, Stewart, D, Treacy, S and Marsden, J (2002) 'A prospective study of mortality among drug misusers during a 4-year period after seeking treatment' ,Addiction, Vol. 97, No. 1, pp 39-47
Hall, W (1999) 'Reducing the toll of opioid overdose deaths in Australia', Drug and Alcohol Review, Vol . 18, No. 2, pp 213-220
Hargreaves, K, Lenton, S, Phillips, M and Swensen, G (2002) 'Potential impacts on the incidence of fatal heroin-related overdose in Western Australia: a time-series analysis', Drug and Alcohol Review, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp 321-327
Hay, G, Gannon, M, McKeganey, N, Hutchinson, S and Goldberg, D (2005) 'Estimating the National and Local Prevalence of Problem Drug Misuse in Scotland', Centre for Drug Misuse Research, University of Glasgow, Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health
Hickman, M, Carrivick, S, Paterson, S, Hunt, N, Zador, D, Cusick, L and Henry, J (2007) 'London audit of drug-related overdose deaths: characteristics and typology, and implications for prevention and monitoring', Addiction, Vol. 102, No. 2, pp 317-323
Hulse, GK, Tait, RJ, Comer, SD, Sullivan, MA, Jacobs, IG and Arnold-Reed, D (2005) 'Reducing hospital presentations for opioid overdose in patients treated with sustained release naltrexone implants', Drug Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp 351-357
Hunt, N (2006) 'The Evaluation Literature on Drug Consumption Rooms' (Paper B)
Report published as supporting evidence to 'The Report of the Independent Working Group on Drug Consumption Rooms' Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( www.jrf.org.uk)
Jones, R, Gruer, L, Gilchrist, G, Seymour, A, Black, M and Oliver, J (2002) 'Recent contact with health and social services by drug misusers in Glasgow who died of a fatal overdose in 1999', Addiction, Vol. 97, No. 12, pp 1517-1522
Kaye, S and Darke, S (2004) 'Non-fatal cocaine overdose among injecting and non-injecting cocaine users in Sydney, Australia' ,Addiction, Vol. 99, No.10, pp 1315-1322
Kerr, D, Dietze, P and Kelly, AM (2008) 'Intranasal naloxone for the treatment of suspected heroin overdose', Addiction, Vol. 103, pp 379-386
Kerr, T, Wood, E, Grafstein, E, Ishida, T, Shannon, K, Lai, C, Montaner, J and Tyndall, MW (2005) 'High rates of primary care and emergency department use among injection drug users in Vancouver', Journal of Public Health, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp 62-66
Latkin, CA, Hua, W and Tobin, K (2004) 'Social network correlates of self-reported non-fatal overdose', Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp 61-67
Lenton, S and Hargreaves, K (2000) 'A trial of naloxone for peer administration has merit, but will the lawyers let it happen?' Drug and Alcohol Review, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp 365-369
Martyres, RF, Clode, D and Burns, JM (2004) 'Seeking drugs or seeking help? Escalating "doctor shopping" by young heroin users before fatal overdose' ,Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 180, No. 5, pp 211-214
McGregor, C, Darke, S, Ali, R and Christie, P (1998) 'Experience of non-fatal overdose among heroin users in Adelaide, Australia: circumstances and risk perceptions', Addiction, Vol. 93, No. 5, pp 701-711
Neale, J (2000) 'Methadone, methadone treatment and non-fatal overdose', Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 58 , No. 1, pp 117-124
Neale, J (2000) 'Suicidal intent in non-fatal illicit drug overdose', Addiction, Vol. 95, No. 1, pp 85-93
Neale, J and Robertson, M (2005) 'Recent life problems and non-fatal overdose among heroin users entering treatment' ,Addiction, Vol. 100, No. 2, pp 168-175
Oliver, P, Horspool, M, Rowse, G, Parry, M, Keen, J and Mathers, N (2007) 'A psychological autopsy study of non-deliberate fatal opiate-related overdose', National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse
Oliver, P and Keen, J (2003) 'Concomitant drugs of misuse and drug using behaviours associated with fatal opiate-related poisonings in Sheffield, UK, 1997-2000', Addiction, Vol. 98, No. 2, pp 191-197
Oxfordshire DAAT, Oxfordshire Drug Related Death Strategy 2006-2009, available at http://www.oxfordshiredaat.org/DRD%20Strategy%202006-9.pdf
Oyefeso, A, Ghodse, H, Clancy, C and Corkery, JM (1999) 'Suicide among drug addicts in the UK', British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 175, pp 277-282
Oyefeso, A, Valmana, A, Clancy, C, Ghodse, H and Williams, H (2000) 'Fatal antidepressant overdose among drug abusers and non-drug abusers', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Vol. 102, No. 4, pp 295-299
Piper, TM, Rudenstine, S, Stancliff, S, Sherman, S, Nandi, V, Clear, A and Galea, S (2007) 'Overdose prevention for injection drug users: Lessons learned from naloxone training and distribution programs in New York City', Harm Reduction Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3
Pollini, RA, McCall, L, Mehta, SH, Celentano, DD, Vlahov, D and Strathdee, SA (2006) 'Response to overdose among injection drug users', American Journal of Preventative Medicine, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp 261-264
Pollini, RA, McCall, L, Mehta, SH, Vlahov, D and Strathdee, SA (2006) 'Non-fatal overdose and subsequent drug treatment among injection drug users' ,Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp 104-110
Pottieger, AE, Tressell, PA, Inciardi, JA and Rosales, TA (1992) 'Cocaine use patterns and overdose' ,Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp 399-410 pp 546-549.
Preti A, Miotto P and De Coppi, M (2002) 'Deaths by unintentional illicit drug overdose in Italy', 1984-2000, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp 275-282
Rehm, J, Frick, U, Hartwig, C, Gutzwiller, F, Gschwend, P and Uchtenhagen, A (2005) 'Mortality in heroin-assisted treatment in Switzerland 1994-2000', Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 79, pp 137-143
Reitox National Focal Point (2007) 2007 National Report (2006 data) United Kingdom New Developments, Trends and In-depth Information on Selected Issues, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)
Rossow, I and Lauritzen, G (1999) 'Balancing on the edge of death: suicide attempts and life-threatening overdoses among drug addicts', Addiction, Vol. 94, No. 2, pp 209-219
Scottish Advisory Committee on Drug Misuse (2005) SACDM Working Group on Drug Related Deaths: Report and Recommendations, Scottish Executive
Scottish Executive (2005) Taking Action to Reduce Scotland's Drug-Related Deaths: The Scottish Executive Response to the SACDM Drug-Related Deaths Working Group, Report and Recommendations
Seal, KH, Downing, M, Kral, AH, Singleton-Banks, S, Hammond, JP, Lorvick, J, Ciccarone, D and Edlin, BR (2003), 'Attitudes About Prescribing Take-Home naloxone to Injection Drug Users for the Management of Heroin Overdose: a Survey of Street-Recruited Injectors in the San Francisco Bay Area', Journal of Urban Health, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp 291-301
Seal, KH, Kral, AH, Gee, L, Moore, LD, Bluthenthal, RN, Lorvick, J and Edlin, BR (2001) 'Predictors and Prevention of Nonfatal Overdose Among Street-Recruited Injection Heroin Users in the San Francisco Bay Area' ,American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 91, No. 11, pp 1842-1846
Seidler, D, Schmeiser-Rieder, A, Schlarp, O and Laggner, AN (2000) 'Heroin and opiate emergencies in Vienna: analysis at the municipal ambulance service', Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 53, No. 7, pp 734-741
Sheedy, DL, Garrick, TM, Fortis, AH and Harper, CG (2003) 'Changing Trends in Heroin-Related Deaths in Sydney, Australia-1995 to 1999', The American Journal on Addictions, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp 52-59
Social Work Inspection Agency (2007) Multi-agency inspection: Substance Misuse Services in Grampian 2007
Staikowsky, F, Theil, F and Candella, S (2005) 'Trends in the pharmaceutical profile of intentional drug overdoses seen in the emergency room', Presse Med, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp 842-846
Stewart, D, Gossop, M and Marsden, J (2002) 'Reductions in non-fatal overdose after drug misuse treatment: results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS)' Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp 1-9
Strang, J, Kelleher, M, Best, D, Mayet, S and Manning, V (2006) 'Emergency naloxone for heroin overdose', British Medical Journal, Vol. 333, pp 614-615
Strang, J, Manning, V, Mayet, S, Kelleher, M, Semmler, C, Offor, L, Titherington, E, Santana, L, Best, D (2007) 'The naloxone programme: Investigation of the wider use of naloxone in the prevention of overdose deaths in pre-hospital care' National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse
Strang, J, Powis, B, Best, D, Vingoe, L, Griffiths, P, Taylor, C, Welch, S and Gossop, M (1999) 'Preventing opiate overdose fatalities with take-home naloxone: pre-launch study of possible impact and acceptability', Addiction, Vol. 94, No. 2, pp 199-204
Taylor, A, Cusick, L, Kimber, J, Hickman, M and Rhodes, T (2006) 'The social impact of public injecting' (Paper D)
Report published as supporting evidence to 'The Report of the Independent Working Group on Drug Consumption Rooms' Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( www.jrf.org.uk)
Thanacoody, R, Jay, J and Sherval, J (2007) 'The association between drug-related deaths and prior contact with hospital based services' (Unpublished to date)
Thiblin, I, Eksborg, S, Petersson, A, Fugelstad, A and Rajs, J (2004), 'Fatal intoxication as a consequence of intranasal administration (snorting) or pulmonary inhalation (smoking) of heroin', Forensic Science International, Vol. 139, No. 3, pp 241-247
Tobin, KE, Davey, MA and Latkin, CA (2005) 'Calling emergency medical services during drug overdose: an examination of individual, social and setting correlates', Addiction, Vol. 100, No. 3, pp 397-404
Tracey, M, Piper, TM, Ompad, D, Bucciarelli, A, Coffin, PO, Vlahov, D and Galea, S (2005) 'Circumstances of witnessed drug overdose in New York City: implications for intervention', Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 79, No. 2, pp 181-190
van Dorp, E, Yassen, A, Sarton, E, Romberg, R, Olofsen, E, Teppema, L, Danhof, M and Dahan, A (2006) 'naloxone Reversal of Buprenorphine-induced Respiratory Depression', Anesthesiology, Vol. 105, No. 1, pp 51-57
Warner-Smith, M, Darke, S and Day, C (2002) 'Morbidity associated with non-fatal heroin overdose', Addiction, Vol. 97, No. 8, pp 963-967
Warner-Smith, M, Darke, S, Lynskey, M and Hall, W (2001) 'Heroin overdose: causes and consequences', Addiction, Vol. 96, No. 8, pp 1113-1125
Weatherburn, D, Jones, C, Freeman, K and Makkai, T (2003) 'Supply control and harm reduction: lessons from the Australian heroin 'drought'', Addiction, Vol. 98 , No. 1, pp 83-91
Webb, L, Oyefeso, A, Schifano, F, Cheeta, S, Pollard, M and Ghodse, AH (2003) 'Cause and manner of death in drug-related fatality: an analysis of drug-related deaths recorded by coroners in England and Wales in 2000', Drug Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp 67-74
Witton, J and Ashton, M (2004) 'Methadone dose and methadone maintenance treatment. Research into practice: 3', National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse
Wolff, K (2002) 'Characterization of methadone overdose: clinical considerations and the scientific evidence', Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp 457-470
Wood, E, Tyndall, MW, Qui, Z, Zhang, R, Montaner, JSG and Kerr, T (2006) 'Service uptake and characteristics of injection drug users utilizing North America's first medically supervised safer injecting facility', American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 96, No. 5, pp 770-773
Wood, E, Tyndall, MW, Spittal, PM, Li, K, Anis, AH, Hogg, RS, Montaner, JSG, O'Shaughnessy, MV and Schechter, MT (2003) 'Impact of supply-side policies for control of illicit drugs in the face of the AIDS and overdose epidemics: investigation of a massive heroin seizure' ,Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 168, No. 2, pp 165-169
Worthington, N, Piper, TM, Galea, S and Rosenthal, D (2006) 'Opiate users' knowledge about overdose prevention and naloxone in New York City: a focus group study', Harm Reduction Journal, Vol. 3, No. 19
Wright, N , Oldaham, N, Jones, L (2005) 'Exploring the relationship between homelessness and risk factors for heroin related death - a qualitative study' ,Drug and Alcohol Review, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp 245-251
Zador, D, Sunjic, S and Darke, S (1996) 'Heroin-related deaths in New South Wales: Toxicological findings and circumstances', Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 164, pp 204-207
Zador, D, Kidd, B, Hutchinson, S, Taylor, A, Hickman, M, Fahey, T, Rome, A and Baldacchino, A (2005) National Investigation into Drug Related Deaths in Scotland, 2003, Substance Misuse Research, Scottish Executive
Zanis, DA and Woody, GE (1998) 'One-year mortality rates following methadone treatment discharge', Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp 257-260