Scottish Government

Appendix 1: Research methods

A.1 Table A1 shows the databases and other resources that were searched for the review. Initially, two broad searches were conducted. The first was a search conducted using the definitions agreed with the research advisory group. The second search was very broad and included all references that included the terms 'Scotland' and 'homelessness' alongside associated phrases ³⁸. The reason for this second search was to ensure that any and all research concerned with homelessness in Scotland that was of potential relevance was included in the REA review.

Table A1: Resources searched

A.2 The two broad searches used basic terms, e.g. 'homeless' and 'homelessness' were employed in combination linked terms, e.g. and/or 'alcohol' and/or 'drugs' and/or 'substance'. Any studies that mention these terms were included. If one begins a search by using a term like 'young people' alongside the terms related to homelessness and substance misuse, then only those studies that include any reference to 'young people' would be included. Using these broader search term means that any and all studies that include any reference to substance misuse among any and all groups of homeless people, including young people, are included.

A.3 The review was focused on countries that were broadly comparable with Scotland. This included the EU, other European countries, Australasia, Japan, North America and England, Wales and Ireland (including Northern Ireland). Other countries were not included because comparison with Scotland is inherently problematic on a number of levels. This international review employed international databases that cover reports and papers written in many languages. These databases also provide abstracts ( i.e. summaries) of all the publications they contain that are written in English These English summaries made it possible to determine whether a paper or report written in another language was potentially relevant and a translated version of that publication could then be ordered (provision was made in the research budget for translation). In practice, only small number of papers written in European languages were included in the review because they were relevant to the topic. The single largest source of research and related information specifically focused on substance misuse and homelessness was the United States, this was followed by the work produced in Scotland and England, with studies from EU countries, Japan and Australasia being less common. The bulk of the most rigorous and systematic work was from the US and the only examples of longitudinal Randomised Control Trials ( RCTs) were from the US. The databases searched encompassed medical, social and homelessness research as well as related policy documents.

A.4 During the 1980s a literature that had been focused on the relationships between alcohol misuse and homelessness began to switch its attention to the relationships between drug misuse and general substance misuse and homelessness. For this reason, the review encompasses only a few studies that focused simply on homeless people with alcohol misuse problems after about 1980. This is not because research on this specific subject, rather than substance misuse in general, became less common after that date.

A.5 The scope of the review, including the subjects it was not designed to encompass are described in Chapter 1.

A.6 The basic searches conducted for the REA review produced the following results, which were stored as two main databases of references in the bibliographic and reviewing software Endnote.

• Database 1: 5,537 studies, reports and pieces of guidance that made reference to homelessness and substance misuse.
• Database 2: 1,108 studies, reports and pieces of guidance that made any reference to homelessness and homeless people in Scotland.

A.7 These two databases are records of all the references in all the resources that were searched (as shown in Table A1). Creating these two databases allowed the research team to simultaneously and quickly search all the references from any of the resources shown in Table A1 that might be relevant to the REA review. Each of the two databases of references constructed for the REA review contains details of the authors, title and publication information for each publication. The two databases contain abstracts, or summaries, of each piece of research. It is these abstracts that the research team searched to look for pieces of work in the 6,645 references that were collected in databases 1 and 2, that were of direct relevance to the research questions.

A.8 Table A2 shows the sub-topics that were explored in detail within the two databases that were created from the basic searches. As can be seen, references dealing with prevention, the specific needs and experiences of different groups of homeless people and service effectiveness and outcome measures were sought out by the research team.

Table A2: Sub-topics

A.9 If a study was judged to be potentially relevant based on its abstract, then the full text was ordered to be read and assessed by the research team. A judgement is then made as to whether or not a publication warrants inclusion in the review. The criteria for selecting studies for inclusion within the REA method is based on the principles of a systematic review, concentrating on securing the best available evidence and including only those studies that have a robust methodology.

A.10 Table A3, below, shows the criteria that were used when determining which studies should be included in the review. As can be seen, publications are assessed according to a mixture of 'desirable' and 'essential' criteria. The REA review could not simply focus on Scotland as this would have yielded little research in respect of some subject areas. Thus, while a focus on Scotland was 'desirable', it was not always 'essential' for a study to be included. Similarly, one of the key tests in assessing the robustness of research is whether or not a study has been subject to peer review.

A.11 However, much homelessness research, including work conducted in Scotland, has not been subject to peer review because it was conducted by consultants, internally by various branches of national or local government or by the voluntary or charitable sectors. Only allowing publications that had been peer reviewed would have excluded some robust studies that were worthy of conclusion in the research and was thus only a desirable rather than an essential criteria for inclusion.

Table A3: Criteria for Inclusion in the Review

A.12 When considering research for inclusion it was not possible to compromise in respect of the other criteria shown in Table A2. Research had to include a focus on homelessness and substance misuse (this could be alongside other subjects), i.e. it had to deal directly with the issues the review was concerned with, rather than, for example, be confined simply to substance misuse in the general population without any reference to homeless people. Research that was not about Scotland also had to be broadly applicable to Scotland, i.e. be from broadly comparable countries in the UK or elsewhere. A research study need not employ the most elaborate and robust methods available for its results to be useful, but at the same time it cannot lack a clear focus or employ dubious or unclear methodology. There is no exact 'tipping point' at which a study either becomes, or ceases to be, 'robust', but it should under most circumstances fulfil, or be based upon, studies that fulfil the criteria for acceptance shown in Table A3.

A.13 One exception was made in relation to the criteria shown in Table A3. This exception was good practice guidance that had been produced that was either closely or directly related to the focus of the REA review. Often, while it may partially draw on research, good practice guidance will be informed by a other factors, including current practice in services that, while judged to be effective, have not been formally and independently evaluated. As a central concern of the research was current thinking in terms of what constitutes an effective service and how service effectiveness should be measured, it was of central importance that relevant guidance on service delivery and outcome monitoring was also included in the REA review.

Detail on searches conducted

A.14 The core search strategy used was as follows:

1. exp Homeless Persons/
2. homeless$.ti,ab.
3. (houseless or roofless).ti,ab.
4. destitut$.ti,ab.
5. skid row.ti,ab.
6. (street adj (people or person$ or youth$ or child or children)).ti,ab.
7. (sleep$ adj3 rough).ti,ab.
8. ((emergency or temporary) adj accommodation).ti,ab.
9. ((insecure or overcrowded) adj accommodation).ti,ab.
10. "bed and breakfast".ti,ab.
11. shelter$.ti,ab.
12. (hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges).ti,ab.
13. squatt$.ti,ab.
14. or/1-13
15. exp Substance-Related Disorders/
16. ((substance$ or drug$ or narcotic$) adj2 (abuse$ or misuse or dependen$ or addict$ or habit$)).ti,ab.
17. ("drug use" or drug user$).ti,ab.
18. addict$.ti,ab.
19. (injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU).ti,ab.
20. chemical$ dependen$.ti,ab.
21. dependence disorder$.ti,ab.
22. drug involved.ti,ab.
23. exp Street Drugs/
24. ((street or illicit or illegal or recreational) adj drug$).ti,ab.
25. designer drugs/
26. ((designer or customized or customised) adj drug$).ti,ab.
27. exp Amphetamines/ or exp Cocaine/ or exp Analgesics, Opioid/ or Heroin/ or Phencyclidine/ or Morphine/
28. (amphetamin$ or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate$ or heroin$ or phencyclidine or morphine).ti,ab.
29. Cannabis/
30. (cannabis or marijuana or marihuana).ti,ab.
31. Ketamine/ or exp Hallucinogens/ or N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/ or Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/ or Methadone/ or Methamphetamine/
32. (ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal meth$).ti,ab.
33. or/15-32
34. Alcohol Drinking/
35. exp Alcoholic Beverages/
36. (alcohol$ or drink$ or liquor$ or beer$ or wine$ or absinthe or spirits or alco pops).ti,ab.
37. (drunk$ or intoxicat$ or binge).ti,ab.
38. (inebriant or inebriate$).ti,ab.
39. or/34-38
40. 14 and (33 or 39)
41. limit 40 to yr="1970 - 2007"

A.15 This strategy was designed for searching MEDLINE through the Ovid interface and was adapted as appropriate for all other databases searched, taking into account differences in indexing terms and search syntax for each database.

A.16 Mindful of the time and resources available for this review, the searches were limited to identify papers published from 1970 onwards. Full details of all databases searched and search strategies are provided below:

MEDLINE: Ovid ( http://gateway.ovid.com/athens)

A.17 The MEDLINE search covered the date range 1970 to October 2007 (Week 3). The search was carried out on 31 October 2007 and identified 2214 records.

1. exp Homeless Persons/ (4369)
2. homeless$.ti,ab. (4040)
3. (houseless or roofless).ti,ab. (7)
4. destitut$.ti,ab. (127)
5. skid row.ti,ab. (97)
6. (street adj (people or person$ or youth$ or child or children)).ti,ab. (277)
7. (sleep$ adj3 rough).ti,ab. (20)
8. ((emergency or temporary) adj accommodation).ti,ab. (19)
9. ((insecure or overcrowded) adj accommodation).ti,ab. (5)
10. "bed and breakfast".ti,ab. (16)
11. shelter$.ti,ab. (3509)
12. (hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges).ti,ab. (1383)
13. squatt$.ti,ab. (673)
14. or/1-13 (10337)
15. exp Substance-Related Disorders/ (168191)
16. ((substance$ or drug$ or narcotic$) adj2 (abuse$ or misuse or dependen$ or addict$ or habit$)).ti,ab. (39994)
17. ("drug use" or drug user$).ti,ab. (23525)
18. addict$.ti,ab. (24067)
19. (injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU).ti,ab. (184697)
20. chemical$ dependen$.ti,ab. (1104)
21. dependence disorder$.ti,ab. (172)
22. drug involved.ti,ab. (141)
23. exp Street Drugs/ (5856)
24. ((street or illicit or illegal or recreational) adj drug$).ti,ab. (5240)
25. designer drugs/ (448)
26. ((designer or customized or customised) adj drug$).ti,ab. (342)
27. exp Amphetamines/ or exp Cocaine/ or exp Analgesics, Opioid/ or Heroin/ or Phencyclidine/ or Morphine/ (115482)
28. (amphetamin$ or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate$ or heroin$ or phencyclidine or morphine).ti,ab. (105910)
29. Cannabis/ (5784)
30. (cannabis or marijuana or marihuana).ti,ab. (9659)
31. Ketamine/ or exp Hallucinogens/ or N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/ or Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/ or Methadone/ or Methamphetamine/ (36871)
32. (ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal meth$).ti,ab. (20790)
33. or/15-32 (502486)
34. Alcohol Drinking/ (35353)
35. exp Alcoholic Beverages/ (8948)
36. (alcohol$ or drink$ or liquor$ or beer$ or wine$ or absinthe or spirits or alco pops).ti,ab. (202987)
37. (drunk$ or intoxicat$ or binge).ti,ab. (33326)
38. (inebriant or inebriate$).ti,ab. (118)
39. or/34-38 (236360)
40. 14 and (33 or 39) (2240)
41. limit 40 to yr="1970 - 2007" (2214)

EMBASE: Ovid ( http://gateway.ovid.com/athens)

A.18 The EMBASE search covered the date range 1980 to 2007 (Week 43). The search was carried out on 31 October 2007 and identified 2031 records.

1. homelessness/ (3026)
2. homeless$.ti,ab. (2987)
3. (houseless or roofless).ti,ab. (6)
4. destitut$.ti,ab. (73)
5. skid row.ti,ab. (50)
6. (street adj (people or person$ or youth$ or child or children)).ti,ab. (213)
7. (sleep$ adj3 rough).ti,ab. (23)
8. ((emergency or temporary) adj accommodation).ti,ab. (17)
9. ((insecure or overcrowded) adj accommodation).ti,ab. (3)
10. "bed and breakfast".ti,ab. (12)
11. shelter$.ti,ab. (2405)
12. (hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges).ti,ab. (902)
13. squatt$.ti,ab. (560)
14. or/1-13 (7036)
15. substance abuse/ (17658)
16. exp Drug Abuse/ (40388)
17. exp drug dependence/ or exp narcotic dependence/ (37740)
18. ((substance$ or drug$ or narcotic$) adj2 (abuse$ or misuse or dependen$ or addict$ or habit$)).ti,ab. (34949)
19. "drug use"/ (39767)
20. ("drug use" or drug user$).ti,ab. (22211)
21. addiction/ (4681)
22. addict$.ti,ab. (21315)
23. (injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU).ti,ab. (156813)
24. chemical$ dependen$.ti,ab. (748)
25. dependence disorder$.ti,ab. (166)
26. drug involved.ti,ab. (141)
27. street drug/ or illicit drug/ or recreational drug/ (5305)
28. ((street or illicit or illegal or recreational) adj drug$).ti,ab. (5194)
29. designer drug/ (254)
30. ((designer or customized or customised) adj drug$).ti,ab. (356)
31. Amphetamine/ or Cocaine/ or Opiate/ or Diamorphine/ or Phencyclidine/ or Morphine/ (107867)
32. (amphetamin$ or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate$ or heroin$ or phencyclidine or morphine).ti,ab. (97918)
33. Cannabis/ or cannabis smoking/ (10301)
34. (cannabis or marijuana or marihuana).ti,ab. (8065)
35. Ketamine/ or Psychedelic Agent/ or 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine/ or Lysergide/ or Methadone/ or Methamphetamine/ (37876)
36. (ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal meth$).ti,ab. (17410)
37. or/15-36 (407404)
38. Drinking Behavior/ (9298)
39. Alcohol/ or exp alcoholic beverage/ (91958)
40. alcohol abuse/ (11308)
41. alcoholism/ (37779)
42. Alcohol Consumption/ (35170)
43. (alcohol$ or drink$ or liquor$ or beer$ or wine$ or absinthe or spirits or alco pops).ti,ab. (176900)
44. alcohol intoxication/ or drug intoxication/ or drunkenness/ (12392)
45. (drunk$ or intoxicat$ or binge).ti,ab. (26374)
46. (inebriant or inebriate$).ti,ab. (110)
47. or/38-46 (257903)
48. 14 and (37 or 47) (2031)

Psyc INFO: Ovid ( http://gateway.ovid.com/athens)

A.19 The Psyc INFO search covered the date range 1970 to October 2007 (Week 4). The search was carried out on 01 November 2007 and identified 2071 records.

1. exp homeless/ (3472)
2. homeless$.ti,ab. (4450)
3. (houseless or roofless).ti,ab. (4)
4. destitut$.ti,ab. (89)
5. skid row.ti,ab. (132)
6. (street adj (people or person$ or youth$ or child or children)).ti,ab. (385)
7. (sleep$ adj3 rough).ti,ab. (21)
8. ((emergency or temporary) adj accommodation).ti,ab. (7)
9. ((insecure or overcrowded) adj accommodation).ti,ab. (3)
10. "bed and breakfast".ti,ab. (5)
11. shelters/ (583)
12. shelter$.ti,ab. (3456)
13. (hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges).ti,ab. (948)
14. squatt$.ti,ab. (102)
15. or/1-14 (8485)
16. exp drug usage/ (89613)
17. ((substance$ or drug$ or narcotic$) adj2 (abuse$ or misuse or dependen$ or addict$ or habit$)).ti,ab. (34214)
18. ("drug use" or drug user$).ti,ab. (17032)
19. addict$.ti,ab. (20027)
20. (injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU).ti,ab. (5373)
21. chemical$ dependen$.ti,ab. (1598)
22. dependence disorder$.ti,ab. (202)
23. drug involved.ti,ab. (127)
24. exp narcotic drugs/ (15921)
25. ((street or illicit or illegal or recreational) adj drug$).ti,ab. (4065)
26. ((designer or customized or customised) adj drug$).ti,ab. (59)
27. amphetamine/ or exp cocaine/ (11669)
28. (amphetamin$ or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate$ or heroin$ or phencyclidine or morphine).ti,ab. (35229)
29. exp cannabis/ (2615)
30. (cannabis or marijuana or marihuana).ti,ab. (7345)
31. ketamine/ or exp hallucinogenic drugs/ or methylenedioxymethamphetamine/ or methamphetamine/ (5168)
32. (ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal meth$).ti,ab. (8247)
33. or/16-32 (140193)
34. exp Alcoholic Beverages/ (1267)
35. (alcohol$ or drink$ or liquor$ or beer$ or wine$ or absinthe or spirits or alco pops).ti,ab. (73208)
36. (drunk$ or intoxicat$ or binge).ti,ab. (9543)
37. (inebriant or inebriate$).ti,ab. (88)
38. or/34-37 (78031)
39. 15 and (33 or 38) (2089)
40. limit 39 to yr="1970 - 2007" (2071)

HMIC: Ovid ( http://gateway.ovid.com/athens)

A.20 The HMIC search covered the date range 1970 to November 2007. The search was carried out on 01 November 2007 and identified 255 records.

1. homelessness/ (1531)
2. homeless$.ti,ab. (1456)
3. (houseless or roofless).ti,ab. (6)
4. destitut$.ti,ab. (15)
5. skid row.ti,ab. (2)
6. (street adj (people or person$ or youth$ or child or children)).ti,ab. (5)
7. (sleep$ adj3 rough).ti,ab. (74)
8. exp temporary accommodation/ (33)
9. ((emergency or temporary) adj accommodation).ti,ab. (59)
10. ((insecure or overcrowded) adj accommodation).ti,ab. (1)
11. exp "bed and breakfast accommodation"/ (159)
12. "bed and breakfast".ti,ab. (83)
13. shelter/ (10)
14. shelter$.ti,ab. (520)
15. hostels/ or refuges/ (200)
16. (hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges).ti,ab. (467)
17. squatters/ (4)
18. squatt$.ti,ab. (8)
19. or/1-18 (2740)
20. exp substance abuse/ (4925)
21. exp substance abusers/ (747)
22. ((substance$ or drug$ or narcotic$) adj2 (abuse$ or misuse or dependen$ or addict$ or habit$)).ti,ab. (1927)
23. ("drug use" or drug user$).ti,ab. (5754)
24. addict$.ti,ab. (587)
25. intravenous drugs/ (79)
26. (injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU).ti,ab. (566)
27. chemical$ dependen$.ti,ab. (20)
28. dependence disorder$.ti,ab. (2)
29. drug consumption/ (419)
30. drug involved.ti,ab. (7)
31. exp "drugs of abuse"/ (753)
32. ((street or illicit or illegal or recreational) adj drug$).ti,ab. (252)
33. designer drugs/ (2)
34. ((designer or customized or customised) adj drug$).ti,ab. (4)
35. (amphetamin$ or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate$ or heroin$ or phencyclidine or morphine).ti,ab. (452)
36. (cannabis or marijuana or marihuana).ti,ab. (217)
37. hallucinogens/ or methadone/ (69)
38. (ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal meth$).ti,ab. (191)
39. or/20-38 (10607)
40. alcohol consumption/ (988)
41. alcohol related problems/ (70)
42. (alcohol$ or drink$ or liquor$ or beer$ or wine$ or absinthe or spirits or alco pops).ti,ab. (3553)
43. drunkenness/ (32)
44. (drunk$ or intoxicat$ or binge).ti,ab. (233)
45. (inebriant or inebriate$).ti,ab. (1)
46. or/40-45 (3799)
47. 19 and (39 or 46) (255)
48. limit 47 to yr="1970 - 2007" (255)

Sociological Abstracts: CSA Illuminahttp://www.csa1.co.uk/csaillumina/login.php

A.21 The Sociological Abstracts search covered the date range 1970 to date. The search was carried out on 01 November 2007 and identified 561 records. This strategy was entered using the 'Command Search'. The Date Range was set to '1990 to 2008'.

1. KW=homeless* (2573)
2. KW=(houseless or roofless) (8)
3. KW=destitut* (187)
4. KW=skid row (83)
5. KW=(street people or street person* or street youth* or street child or street children) (318)
6. KW=(sleep* within 3 rough) (15)
7. KW=(emergency accommodation or temporary accommodation) (11)
8. KW=(insecure accommodation or overcrowded accommodation) (0)
9. KW="bed and breakfast" (1)
10. KW=shelter* (1405)
11. KW=(hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges) (585)
12. KW=squatt* (444)
13. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 (4745)
14. KW=(substance* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (2392)
15. KW=( drug* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (4387)
16. KW=(narcotic* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (88)
17. KW=(drug use or drug user*) (4401)
18. KW=addict* (2233)
19. KW=(injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU) (621)
20. KW=chemical* dependen* (104)
21. KW=dependence disorder* (9)
22. KW=drug involved (43)
23. DE=("drugs" or "narcotic drugs") (938)
24. KW=(street drug* or illicit drug* or illegal drug* or recreational drug*) (1003)
25. KW=(designer drug* or customized drug* or customised drug*) (8)
26. KW=(amphetamin* or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate* or heroin* or phencyclidine or morphine) (2093)
27. KW=(cannabis or marijuana or marihuana) (1335)
28. DE=("psychedelic drugs" or "lysergic acid diethylamide") (54)
29. KW=(ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal meth*) (535)
30. #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 (10734)
31. KW=(alcohol* or drink* or liquor* or beer* or wine* or absinthe or spirits or alco pops) (10225)
32. KW=(drunk* or intoxicat* or binge) (1287)
33. KW=(inebriant or inebriate*) (31)
34. #31 or #32 or #33 (10643)
35. #13 and (#30 or #34) (561)

Social Services Abstracts: CSA Illuminahttp://www.csa1.co.uk/csaillumina/login.php

A.22 The Social Services Abstracts search covered the date range 1979 to date. The search was carried out on 01 November 2007 and identified 568 records. This strategy was entered using the 'Command Search'.

1. KW=homeless* (1734)
2. KW=(houseless or roofless) (5)
3. KW=destitut* (49)
4. KW=skid row (22)
5. KW=(street people or street person* or street youth* or street child or street children) (169)
6. KW=(sleep* within 3 rough) (18)
7. KW=(emergency accommodation or temporary accommodation) (5)
8. KW=(insecure accommodation or overcrowded accommodation) (0)
9. KW="bed and breakfast" (0)
10. KW=shelter* (1004)
11. KW=(hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges) (138)
12. KW=squatt* (171)
13. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 (2683)
14. KW=(substance* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (3502)
15. KW=( drug* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (3861)
16. KW=(narcotic* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (28)
17. KW=(drug use or drug user*) (2967)
18. KW=addict* (1978)
19. KW=(injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU) (658)
20. KW=chemical* dependen* (223)
21. KW=dependence disorder* (13)
22. KW=drug involved (43)
23. DE=("drugs" or "narcotic drugs") (271)
24. KW=(street drug* or illicit drug* or illegal drug* or recreational drug*) (511)
25. KW=(designer drug* or customized drug* or customised drug*) (1)
26. KW=(amphetamin* or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate* or heroin* or phencyclidine or morphine) (26)
27. KW=(cannabis or marijuana or marihuana) (511)
28. DE=("psychedelic drugs" or "lysergic acid diethylamide") (19)
29. KW=(ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal meth*) (508)
30. #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 (8345)
31. KW=(alcohol* or drink* or liquor* or beer* or wine* or absinthe or spirits or alco pops) (4957)
32. KW=(drunk* or intoxicat* or binge) (412)
33. KW=(inebriant or inebriate*) (14)
34. #31 or #32 or #33 (5035)
35. #13 and (#30 or #34) (568)

Criminal Justice Abstracts: CSA Illuminahttp://www.csa1.co.uk/csaillumina/login.php

A.23 The Criminal Justice Abstracts search covered the date range 1970 to 2008. The search was carried out on 02 November 2007 and identified 294 records. This strategy was entered using the 'Command Search'. The Date Range was set to '1990 to 2008'.

1. KW=homeless* (434)
2. KW=(houseless or roofless) (0)
3. KW=destitut* (15)
4. KW=skid row (35)
5. KW=(street people or street person* or street youth* or street child or street children) (102)
6. KW=(sleep* within 3 rough) (5)
7. KW=(emergency accommodation or temporary accommodation) (2)
8. KW=(insecure accommodation or overcrowded accommodation) (0)
9. KW="bed and breakfast" (3)
10. KW=shelter* (627)
11. KW=(hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges) (179)
12. KW=squatt* (13)
13. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 (1239)
14. KW=(substance* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (2044)
15. KW=( drug* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (4331)
16. KW=(narcotic* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (223)
17. KW=(drug use or drug user*) (2912)
18. KW=addict* (2295)
19. KW=(injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU) (215)
20. KW=chemical* dependen* (82)
21. KW=dependence disorder* (5)
22. KW=drug involved (121)
23. DE="drugs" (4375)
24. KW=(street drug* or illicit drug* or illegal drug* or recreational drug*) (1138)
25. KW=(designer drug* or customized drug* or customised drug*) (9)
26. KW=(amphetamin* or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate* or heroin* or phencyclidine or morphine) (1927)
27. KW=(cannabis or marijuana or marihuana) (1153)
28. KW=(ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal meth*) (531)
29. #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 (9411)
30. KW=(alcohol* or drink* or liquor* or beer* or wine* or absinthe or spirits or alco pops) (4887)
31. KW=(drunk* or intoxicat* or binge) (1520)
32. KW=(inebriant or inebriate*) (61)
33. #30 or #31 or #32 (5558)
34. #13 and (#29 or #33) (294)

PAIS: CSA Illuminahttp://www.csa1.co.uk/csaillumina/login.php

A.24 The PAIS International search covered the date range 1972 to date. The search was carried out on 02 November 2007 and identified 103 records. This strategy was entered using the 'Command Search'.

1. KW=homeless* (833)
2. KW=(houseless or roofless) (0)
3. KW=destitut* (34)
4. KW=skid row (9)
5. KW=(street people or street person* or street youth* or street child or street children) (120)
6. KW=(sleep* within 3 rough) (4)
7. KW=(emergency accommodation or temporary accommodation) (2)
8. KW=(insecure accommodation or overcrowded accommodation) (0)
9. KW="bed and breakfast" (1)
10. KW=shelter* (722)
11. KW=(hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges) (247)
12. KW=squatt* (184)
13. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 (1924)
14. KW=(substance* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (409)
15. KW=( drug* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (2165)
16. KW=(narcotic* within 2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (93)
17. KW=(drug use or drug user*) (526)
18. KW=addict* (1020)
19. KW=(injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU) (91)
20. KW=chemical* dependen* (14)
21. KW=dependence disorder* (0)
22. KW=drug involved (11)
23. DE=("drugs" or ="narcotics") (1935)
24. KW=(street drug* or illicit drug* or illegal drug* or recreational drug*) (383)
25. KW=(designer drug* or customized drug* or customised drug*) (6)
26. KW=(amphetamin* or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate* or heroin* or phencyclidine or morphine) (738)
27. KW=(cannabis or marijuana or marihuana) (317)
28. DE=(="hallucinogenic drugs" or "lysergic acid diethylamide") (0)
29. KW=(ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal meth*) (88)
30. #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 (4841)
31. KW=(alcohol* or drink* or liquor* or beer* or wine* or absinthe or spirits or alco pops) (3542)
32. KW=(drunk* or intoxicat* or binge) (283)
33. KW=(inebriant or inebriate*) (0)
34. #31 or #32 or #33 (3629)
35. #13 and (#30 or #34) (103)

The Cochrane Library: Internethttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/mrwhome/106568753/HOME)

A.25 Issue 2007/4 of The Cochrane Library was searched on 02 November 2007. The search identified: 63 reviews on the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The results were scanned and 9 potentially relevant records were downloaded. Fifteen reviews on the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects ( DARE). The results were scanned and 9 potentially relevant records were downloaded.

1. MeSH descriptor Homeless Persons explode all trees (148)
2. homeless* (336)
3. houseless or roofless (0)
4. destitut* (6)
5. skid NEXT row (2)
6. (street NEXT (people or person* or youth* or child or children)) (11)
7. sleep* NEAR/3 rough (1)
8. ((emergency or temporary) NEXT accommodation) (5)
9. ((insecure or overcrowded) NEXT accommodation) (0)
10. "bed and breakfast" (2)
11. shelter* (178)
12. hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges (55)
13. squatt* (82)
14. (#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13) (589)
15. MeSH descriptor Substance-Related Disorders explode all trees (6234)
16. ((substance* or drug* or narcotic*) NEAR/2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (4633)
17. ("drug use" or drug NEXT user*) (2220)
18. addict* (7632)
19. (injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU) (39329)
20. chemical* NEXT dependen* (56)
21. dependence NEXT disorder* (25)
22. drug NEXT involved (38)
23. MeSH descriptor Street Drugs explode all trees (143)
24. ((street or illicit or illegal or recreational) NEXT drug*) (443)
25. MeSH descriptor Designer Drugs, this term only (2)
26. ((designer or customized or customised) NEXT drug*) (8)
27. MeSH descriptor Amphetamines explode all trees (804)
28. MeSH descriptor Cocaine explode all trees (511)
29. MeSH descriptor Analgesics, Opioid explode all trees (9176)
30. MeSH descriptor Heroin, this term only (200)
31. MeSH descriptor Phencyclidine, this term only (8)
32. MeSH descriptor Morphine, this term only (2735)
33. (amphetamin* or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate* or heroin* or phencyclidine or morphine) (13018)
34. MeSH descriptor Cannabis, this term only (214)
35. (cannabis or marijuana or marihuana) (951)
36. MeSH descriptor Ketamine, this term only (677)
37. MeSH descriptor Hallucinogens explode all trees (448)
38. MeSH descriptor N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, this term only (55)
39. MeSH descriptor Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, this term only (46)
40. MeSH descriptor Methadone, this term only (650)
41. MeSH descriptor Methamphetamine, this term only (108)
42. (ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal NEXT meth*) (2816)
43. (#15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39 OR #40 OR #41 OR #42) (60641)
44. MeSH descriptor Alcohol Drinking, this term only (1482)
45. MeSH descriptor Alcoholic Beverages explode all trees (241)
46. (alcohol* or drink* or liquor* or beer* or wine* or absinthe or spirits or alco NEXT pops) (14004)
47. (drunk* or intoxicat* or binge) (2136)
48. (inebriant or inebriate*) (15)
49. (#44 OR #45 OR #46 OR #47 OR #48) (15198)
50. (#14 AND ( #43 OR #49 )) (291)

Social Policy and Practice: ARC2 Web SPIRS ( http://arc.uk.ovid.com)

A.26 The Social Policy and Practice search covered the date range 1970 to 200710. The search was carried out on 09 Novemberl 2007 and identified 686 records.

1. homeless* in TI, AB, DE (6186)
2. (houseless or roofless) in TI, AB, DE (10)
3. destitut* in TI, AB, DE (74)
4. skid row in TI, AB, DE (3)
5. (street people or street person* or street youth* or street child or street children) in TI, AB, DE (67)
6. (sleep* near3 rough) in TI, AB, DE (507)
7. (emergency accommodation or temporary accommodation) in TI, AB, DE (789)
8. (insecure accommodation or overcrowded accommodation) in TI, AB, DE (15)
9. (bed and breakfast) in TI, AB, DE (338)
10. shelter* in TI, AB, DE (2721)
11. (hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges) in TI, AB, DE (1210)
12. squatt* in TI, AB, DE (86)
13. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 (9271)
14. ((substance* or drug* or narcotic*) near2 (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) in TI, AB, DE (4950)
15. (drug use or drug user*) in TI, AB, DE (1230)
16. addict* in TI, AB, DE (1283)
17. (injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU) in TI, AB, DE (149)
18. chemical* dependen* in TI, AB, DE (42)
19. dependence disorder* in TI, AB, DE (3)
20. drug involved in TI, AB, DE (12)
21. (street drug*or illicit drug* or illegal drug* or recreational drug*) in TI, AB, DE (142)
22. (designer drug* or customized drug* or customised drug*) in TI, AB, DE (1)
23. (amphetamin* or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate* or heroin* or phencyclidine or morphine) in TI, AB, DE (455)
24. (cannabis or marijuana or marihuana) in TI, AB, DE (200)
25. (ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or crystal meth*) in TI, AB, DE (167)
26. (alcohol* or drink* or liquor* or beer* or wine* or absinthe or spirits or alco pops) in TI, AB, DE (3622)
27. (drunk* or intoxicat* or binge) in TI, AB, DE (191)
28. (inebriant or inebriate*) in TI, AB, DE (3)
29. #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 (7750)
30. #13 and #29 (695)
31. #13 and #29 and ( PY:1M = 1970-2007) (686)

Social Science Citation Index: MIMAS Web of Knowledge ( http://wok.mimas.ac.uk)

A.27 The Social Science Citation Index search covered the date range 1970 to date. The search was carried out on 09 November 2007 and identified 1783 records. Limits were set at the beginning of the search for 'Timespan=1990-2007'.

1. TS=homeless* (5328)
2. TS=(houseless or roofless) (13)
3. TS=destitut* (205)
4. TS="skid row" (164)
5. TS=("street people" or "street person*" or "street youth*" or "street child" or "street children") (508)
6. TS=(sleep* SAME rough) (40)
7. TS=("emergency accommodation" or "temporary accommodation") (15)
8. TS=("insecure accommodation" or "overcrowded accommodation") (3)
9. TS="bed and breakfast" (22)
10. TS=shelter* (3304)
11. TS=(hostel or hostels or refuge or refuges) (1049)
12. TS=squatt* (584)
13. #12 OR #11 OR #10 OR #9 OR #8 OR #7 OR #6 OR #5 OR #4 OR #3 OR #2 OR #1 (9898)
14. TS=((substance* or drug* or narcotic*) SAME (abuse* or misuse or dependen* or addict* or habit*)) (30014)
15. TS=("drug use" or "drug user*") (19097)
16. TS=addict* (16340)
17. TS=(injector or injecting or intravenous or IDU) (6041)
18. TS="chemical* dependen*" (777)
19. TS="dependence disorder*" (142)
20. TS="drug involved" (124)
21. TS=("street drug*" or "illicit drug*" or "illegal drug*" or "recreational drug*") (3769)
22. TS=("designer drug*" or "customized drug*" or "customised drug*") (55)
23. TS=(amphetamin* or cocaine or crack or opioid or opiate* or heroin* or phencyclidine or morphine) (23897)
24. TS=(cannabis or marijuana or marihuana) (7138)
25. TS=(ketamine or hallucinogens or ecstasy or LSD or methadone or "crystal meth*") (6975)
26. #25 OR #24 OR #23 OR #22 OR #21 OR #20 OR #19 OR #18 OR #17 OR #16 OR #15 OR #14 (73413)
27. TS=(alcohol* or drink* or liquor* or beer* or wine* or absinthe or spirits or "alco pops") (68304)
28. TS=(drunk* or intoxicat* or binge) (7839)
29. TS=(inebriant or inebriate*) (68)
30. #29 OR #28 OR #27 (72096)
31. #26 AND #13 (1490)
32. #30 AND #13 (868)
33. #32 OR #31 (1783)

Social Care Online ( http://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/)

A.28 The Social Care Online search covered the date range 1986 to date. The search was carried out on 13 November 2007 and identified 208 records. The feature 'Browse social care topics' was used to identify the appropriate topic terms on which to search.

@k=("homeless*" or "rough sleepers" or "bed and breakfast" or "temporary accommodation" or "hostels" or "refuges" or "supported housing") AND @k=("substance misuse" or "addiction" or "alcohol misuse" or "detoxification" or "drug misuse" or "solvent misuse")

C2- SPECTR: Internet ( http://geb9101.gse.upenn.edu/)

A.29 The C2- SPECTR search covered the date range from inception to 02-17-2005. The search was carried out on 13 November 2007 and identified 23 records. Using the advanced search and searching in the field 'all non-indexed fields':

{homeless} or {houseless} or {roofless} or {destitut} or {skid row} or {street people} or {street person} or {street youth} or {street child} or {sleeping rough} or {rough sleeper} or {emergency accommodation} or {temporary accommodation} or {insecure accommodation} or {overcrowded accommodation} or {breakfast} or {shelter} or {hostel} or {refuge} or {squatt}

AND

{substance} or {drug} or {narcotic} or {addict$} or {injector} or {injecting} or {intravenous} or { IDU} or {chemical dependen} or {dependence disorder} or {amphetamin} or {cocaine} or {crack} or {opioid} or {opiate} or {heroin} or {phencyclidine} or {morphine} or {cannabis} or {marijuana} or {marihuana} or {ketamine} or {hallucinogens} or {ecstasy} or { LSD} or {methadone} or {crystal meth} or {alcohol} or {drink} or {liquor} or {beer} or {wine} or {absinthe} or {spirits} or {alco pops} or {drunk} or {intoxicat$} or {binge} or {inebriant} or {inebriate}

Organisational websites

A.30 In addition to the electronic databases, searches of the following organisational websites were carried out.

• Shelter ( www.shelter.org.uk) The Shelter website search was carried out on 04-12-2007. Details of 13 potentially relevant documents were added to the Endnote library.
• Drugscope ( www.drugscope.org.uk/) The Drugscope website search was carried out on 05-12-2007. Details of three potentially relevant documents were added to the endnote library. The Drugscope database 'DrugData' was also searched on 05-12-2007. The search was limited to find book chapter and monograph materials, as numerous databases had already been searched yielding journal articles. The search consisted of a search for the term 'homelessness' as a thesaurus term. Details of 32 potentially relevant documents were added to the Endnote Library.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse ( NIDA) ( www.nida.nih.gov/) The NIDA website search was carried out on 06-12-2007. No relevant documents were identified.
• Shared Learning on Homelessness ( www.sharedlearnings.org/). The Shared Learning on Homelessness website search was carried out on 06-12-2007. No relevant documents were identified.
• CRASH/ JRF Review of Single Homelessness Research ( http://www.crashindex.org.uk/) The Review of Single Homelessness Research website search was carried out on 06-12-2007. Details of eight potentially relevant documents were added to the Endnote Library.
• FEANSTA ( http://www.feantsa.org/code/en/hp.asp) The Review of Single Homelessness Research website search was carried out on 07-12-2007. Details of seven potentially relevant documents were added to the Endnote Library.