Scottish Government

Transport & Travel Research Ltd

ISBN 978 0 7559 6717 9

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CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 Introduction
2 Study Aims
3 Method
4 Overview
5 Summary of Findings
6 Recommendations

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Research Aims and Method
1.3 Contents of this Report

CHAPTER TWO: SCOTTISH POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Blue Badge Scheme
2.3 Disability Discrimination Act and the Disability Equality Duty
2.4 Disabled Person's Parking Bays (Scotland) Bill
2.5 Traffic Regulation Orders
2.6 The Decriminalisation of Parking
2.7 Scottish Planning Guidance

CHAPTER THREE: BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE WHO ABUSE PARKING FACILITIES FOR DISABLED PEOPLE
3.1 Introduction
Group 1: Abusers 'in denial'
Group 2: Reluctant Abusers
Group 3: Justified Abusers
Group 4: Persistent Abusers
Group 5: 'Blue Badge' Abusers

CHAPTER FOUR: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ABUSE OF RESERVED PARKING FACILITIES FOR DISABLED PEOPLE
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bay Design
4.3 Social
4.4 Reduced Mobility
4.5 Psychological
4.6 Journey Purpose
4.7 Economic
4.8 Environmental
4.9 Lack of Enforcement
4.10 Summary

CHAPTER FIVE: INTERVENTION MEASURES AND OTHER MEASURES FOR TACKLING THE ABUSE OF PARKING FOR DISABLED PEOPLE
5.1 Possible Measures for the Enforcement of Off-Street Parking

CHAPTER SIX: USER REACTIONS TO THE INTERVENTION MEASURES
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Psychology of Enforcement: An Overview
6.3 Driver Reactions to Possible Measures
6.5 Additional Measures Suggested
6.6 Summary

CHAPTER SEVEN: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CONTEXTS FOR INTERVENTION
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Retail: supermarkets, retail parks, shopping centres
7.3 City Centre Municipal Car Parks
7.4 NHS Hospital Sites
7.5 Public Transport Interchanges

CHAPTER EIGHT: EFFECTIVENESS, PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS OF INTERVENTION MEASURES
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Possible Measures for Enforcing Off-Street Parking in Scotland
8.3 Other 'Suggested' Measures for Enforcing Off-Street Parking
8.4 Summary

CHAPTER NINE CONCLUSIONS
9.1 The Study
9.2 The factors influencing abuse and key considerations for intervention
9.3 Effectiveness of measures and their appropriateness in different contexts

CHAPTER TEN: RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER ELEVEN: REFERENCES

(Annexes available on request)
ANNEX ONE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
ANNEX TWO: ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FROM DESK-TOP REVIEW
ANNEX THREE: ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FROM PRIMARY RESEARCH
ANNEX FOUR: REFERENCES

The views expressed in this report are those of the researcher and
do not necessarily represent those of the Department or Scottish Ministers.