Footnotes
1. It would be fair to say that as a whole, across the different sections of the literature, there are wide gaps in understanding of the intricacies of this subject. A large amount of research has been conducted on the selling of alcohol in pubs and clubs, along with a considerable amount of work on violence and disorder and its relationship with alcohol. However, investigations of the exact connections between where alcohol is purchased in the community setting and the effects are limited.
2. see Wagenaar et al, 2005
3. A remote rural location was not used as it was felt it there would be minimal activity, hence less issues to explore and discuss.
4. On a few occasions, underage selling possibly occurred but it was difficult to be absolutely certain.
5. This updated a previous literature review 'Sale of alcohol in the community' HFAL/Scottish Association of Alcohol Action Teams (2005).
6. The literature review was submitted as a separate document for this project, however key points are included in the following chapters.
7. However, at the present there is very limited UK based information, and for some sections of the report there has been a reliance on US based literature.
8. Each area selected is defined under the 6-fold Scottish Executive Urban Rural Classification
9. A series of interviews (8 in total) had to be conducted for the remote rural location due to a lack of appropriate fora to conduct the focus groups within. The collated data was analysed in a similar way to the focus groups, hence did not impede the analysis.
10. A remote rural location was not used as it was felt it there would be minimal activity, hence less issues to explore and discuss.
11. This is a technique developed by HFAL to allow robust analysis of discourse. The software N-Vivo was utilised to code the data.
12. However the research does not make clear what the effects of 'sporting' promotions are.
13. For example, the location must not exceed certain distance boundaries from a school or place of worship (normally 500m).
14. Typically Sweden, Finland and Norway
15. Does not include supermarkets.
16. Wine and spirits account for 12% and beer and cider for another 11% of overall turnover.
17. A range of stores were approached to provide information but did not supply any data.
18. All stores across Scotland were categorised into these three geographical areas. There are three main reporting regions covering Total Scotland; Border, Central and North. The North Scotland is described as North East, because this is where the majority of the Postcodes within it lie. Those postcodes that are more North West of Scotland are included in the Central Scotland region.
19. Grocers are defined as an off-licence with 20% or more of its commodity turnover in groceries. Multiple Grocers have 10 or more branches of which 5 or more have licences.
20. Includes: Alldays; Balfour; The Co-Operative Group; United Co-Op; Other Co-Ops.
21. Multiple Specialists are off-licence with 50% or more of all commodity turnover in alcoholic drink. This must be 80% or more if the balance is groceries.
22. Symbols groups are an organisation of independent retailers who buy supplies through a specific wholesaler which are then delivered directly to the store (enables large quantity discounts).
23. Data supplied in $ USD.
24. Below many major countries including Russia, Japan, China, Spain, France, Germany and the USA (as well as the Republic of Ireland).
25. Russia, Japan and the USA are below the UK in wine consumption.
26. Behind the Czech Republic, Republic of Ireland, Germany, Austria and Luxembourg.
27. Top 10 products within each category used for totals.
28. i.e. according to Brain and Parker (1997) 'alcopops' are generally seen as being 'childish' drinks.
29. 'Value' and 'own label' brands whilst low priced, are not technically classed as promotions, however, they account for large number of products available at permanently low prices.
30. CAP is the advertising industry body responsible for writing and enforcing the UK advertising codes that are administered by the ASA (Advertising Standards Authority).
31. For example, 8 for price of 4; 3 bottles for price of 2; 5% off purchases of 6 bottles etc.
32. However it must be pointed out that the groups looked at were US college students and not wider populations.
33. This compares with an average of: 0.7% for fruit juices; 2.6% for crisps, snacks and nuts; 3.9% for bread and cakes; 3.9% for soft drinks.
34. For example see Treno et al (2001), Stevenson et al (1999b), Norström (1998),and Scribner et al (1999).
35. Front loading is seen particularly as a common practice to save money because on-sales drink prices are comparatively higher than off-sales.
36. Informative/instructional messages on cash registers
37. 'Shops and supermarkets' were the main reported source in this survey.
38. This report also noted that 'proof of age' schemes should not be seen as a direct substitute for techniques borne out of experience, for example, studying potential customers for signs of nervousness.
39. A remote rural location was not used as it was felt it there would be minimal activity, hence less issues to explore and discuss.
40. On a few occasions, underage selling possibly occurred but it was difficult to be absolutely certain.
41. On the final evening of observation in Location A an incident occurred which was of a serious enough nature to halt the session.
42. Between 2000 and 2003, the percentage of people claiming unemployment benefit (6.5%), claiming income support (43.3%), and economically inactive (56.8%) were distinctly above the Scottish average; and the average household income was 48% below the Scottish average. In 2001 statistics showed that the number of children in lone- parent households (37%), workless households (51.2%); and adults with no qualifications (57.1%) are also well below the Scottish average. Nearly three quarters of households are without a car (71.2%).
43. Male and female life expectancy are both below the Scottish average, as were the proportions of children aged 15 who survived to 65, both for males and females (64.5% and 84.8% respectively). The average age of first time mothers was 22.8 years, which was below the Scottish average, and teenage pregnancies were 72% above the Scottish average. The number of low birth weight babies was 63% above the Scottish average. Death and birth rates in 2002 were above the Scottish average. Infant mortality was 49% above the Scottish average.
44. Health wise, between the years 1999-2001, there was a higher than average percentage of persons who: were unable to work due to disability/illness; claimed disability living allowance; had long term limiting illnesses; self- assessed their health as 'not good'; are admitted to hospital with alcohol related/ attributable conditions (118% above Scottish average); were smokers who smoked during pregnancy (54.6%), and whose deaths were attributable to smoking; died of drug- related deaths (99% above Scottish average).
45. Participants cite major health problems associated with prolonged alcohol use e.g., cirrhosis of the liver, malnourishment etc.
46. It must be said that on the whole people were aware that 'some' changes to the licensing laws were going to take place however specific knowledge of what the proposed changes are to be was limited therefore answers to this question were clearly based on people's perceptions as to how they would be affected personally.
47. Specifically Budweiser, closely followed by Tennents, Miller and Stella Artois.
48. This store did make reference to bulk buying with a small group of other retailers which enables the store to offer promotions in line with the larger stores.
49. Approaching people of age, usually strangers, to purchase alcohol on their behalf.
50. Consuming alcohol purchased prior to a night out from off-sales after being out.
51. However, FG1 attributed the excessive amount of alcohol consumed to young people whereas FG2 believe it is not only this group.
52. It is stated the group consume alcohol away from the main thoroughfare but return to purchase food from take away outlets and subsequently problematic behaviour arises.
53. Male and female life expectancy were slightly above the Scottish average, as were the proportions of children aged 15 who survived to 65, both for males and females (83.5% and 86.8% respectively). The average age of first time mothers was 27.7 years, which was above the Scottish average, and teenage pregnancies were 31% below the Scottish average. Death and birth rates in 2002 were below the Scottish average, alongside infant mortality which was 14% below the Scottish average.
54. Health wise, between the years 1999-2001, there was a lower than average percentage of persons who: were unable to work due to disability/illness; claimed disability living allowance; had long term limiting illnesses; self- assessed their health as 'Not good'; are admitted to hospital with alcohol related/ attributable conditions; were smokers (25.9%) whose deaths were attributable to smoking; died of drug- related deaths.
55. No formal data available from shop concerning scope of test purchasing.
56. Note, promotions will be dealt with separately in a later section.