Social Focus on Deprived Areas 2005

Chapter Two: Demography

Demography

This chapter is an analysis of key demographic results from the 2001 Census by level of deprivation. It covers the sex, age structure, household type, migration (to, from and within Scotland), religion and minority ethnic make-up of the population within areas of deprivation as defined by the SIMD 2004 compared to those living in the rest of Scotland.

As already discussed, the characteristics of the people and households living in each area ( e.g. lone parents, minority ethnic groups, elderly) are not factors used within the SIMD to determine areas with high concentrations of multiple deprivation. The SIMD instead uses factors related to people's and household's circumstances ( e.g. dependence on benefits, educational attainment, and premature mortality).

In order to better understand what constitutes the very complex nature of deprivation, it should be recognised that the characteristics of people and households are also key to helping us understand who is disproportionately affected by the factors outlined throughout this publication.

The primary aim of this publication is to analyse deprivation by life stage, and where possible, the publication focuses on specific life stages - children and young people, older people and working age. In some of the following chapters, some analysis is presented on area deprivation as well as sex, disability, faith and ethnicity; this analysis begins to help us to understand further the multifaceted nature of deprivation. It should be noted, however, that this publication is not intended to be an exhaustive analysis of area deprivation and equality combined.

Key Points

There are higher proportions of females in the 20 to 44 and 65 to 89 age groups in the most deprived areas.
Lone parent, single adult of working age households, and single pensioner households make up 55 per cent of all households living in the 10% most deprived areas compared to 26 per cent of households in the 10% least deprived areas.
Around 53 per cent of migrants in the 10% most deprived areas have moved from an address in the 10% most deprived areas.
Of those migrants leaving Scotland, a higher proportion originated from the least deprived areas (17 per cent of migrants leaving Scotland for elsewhere in the UK were from the 10% least deprived areas, compared with six per cent from the 10% most deprived areas.
Migrants with no usual address one year before the 2001 Census were most likely to move in to the most deprived areas. Some 20 per cent of migrants with no usual address one year before the Census were most likely to move in to the 10% most deprived areas.
Migrants from the rest of the UK were more likely to move to the least deprived deciles. Seventeen per cent of migrants in to Scotland from elsewhere in the UK moved in to the 10% least deprived areas. This is also the case for migrants from the rest of the world, with 22 per cent moving in to the 10% least deprived areas.
Some 20 per cent of all people who described themselves as African, Black Scottish or Black Other, and Other South Asian live in the 10% most deprived.
Some 20 per cent of all people who described themselves as Indian and Chinese live in the 10% least deprived areas.
19 per cent of all people who described themselves as Roman Catholic live in the 10% most deprived areas; 14 per cent of all people who described themselves as Muslim live in the 10% most deprived areas.

Population by age and sex

Scotland's Census day population was 5,062,011, of which almost 780,000 live in the 15% most deprived areas across Scotland (Table 2.1).

The sex ratio is defined as the number of males for every 100 females and is a useful tool for analysing the numbers of men and women living in Scotland's deprived areas. Overall in Scotland there are 93 males for every 100 females. This is not surprising given that female life expectancy is higher than that of males. However, there are differences in the sex ratios for the younger age groups for the 15% most deprived areas compared to the rest of Scotland, in particular there are higher proportions of females in the 20 to 44 and 65 to 89 age groups in the most deprived areas (Chart 2.2). The proportion of lone parents living in the most deprived areas is one factor explaining the dip in sex ratio in the 20 to 44 age groups, while premature mortality among males is a factor in the 65 to 89 age groups. Understanding other factors would need further analysis. The Census shows that 93 per cent of all lone parent households (with dependent children) in the 10% most deprived areas are female lone parent households compared with 88 per cent in the 10% least deprived areas.

Table 2.1: Population by sex, 2001
Numbers, column percentages

	All people		Male		Female
	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage
Most deprived 15%	778,714	15.4	364,512	15.0	414,202	15.8
Rest of Scotland	4,283,297	84.6	2,067,982	85.0	2,215,315	84.2
Scotland	5,062,011	100.0	2,432,494	100.0	2,629,517	100.0

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (2001 census)

Chart 2.2: Sex Ratio, 2001
Ratio

Chart 2.2: Sex Ratio, 2001 image

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (2001 Census)

The second publication in the Social Focus series, Social Focus on Women and Men 2002 explored a wide range of gender issues.

There are some differences in the age structure of the most deprived areas compared to the rest of Scotland, with a higher number of children living in deprived areas. In Scotland, there are just over 970,000 children aged 15 and under. In the 15% most deprived areas, 21 per cent of people are children aged 15 and under compared to 19 per cent in the remaining 85% of areas and 19 per cent across the whole of Scotland (Table 2.3).

There is also a slightly higher percentage of young people aged 16 to 24 inclusive in the 15% most deprived areas. Conversely, the proportion of working age population is higher in the rest of Scotland than in the 15% most deprived areas.

There are just over 940,000 people (19 per cent) of pensionable age in Scotland, and the spread of pensioners is broadly comparable across all areas with a slight dip towards the most and least deprived ends of the distribution.

Table 2.3: Children, young people, working age and pensionable age, 2001
Numbers, Column percentages

	Children: 15 years and under		Young people: 16 to 24 years inclusive		People aged 25 years to pensionable age		People of pensionable age
	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage
15% most deprived	166,934	21.4	94,376	12.1	374,165	48.0	143,239	18.4
Rest of Scotland	805,131	18.8	472,101	11.0	2,207,322	51.5	798,743	18.6
Scotland	972,065	19.2	566,477	11.2	2,581,487	51.0	941,982	18.6

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (2001 Census)
Note: Pensionable age refers to men aged 65 and over and to women aged 60 and over

Chart 2.4: Children, young people, working age and pensionable age, 2001
Number

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (2001 Census)
Note: Pensionable age refers to men aged 65 and over and to women aged 60 and over.

Household size and composition

Results from the 2001 Census show almost 2.2 million households living in Scotland. The average household size is smaller in the most deprived areas than in the rest of Scotland (Chart 2.5).

The difference in household size can be explained by the fact that there is a higher percentage of lone parent, single adult of working age, and single pensioner households living in the most deprived areas compared to the rest of Scotland. Lone parent, single adult of working age, and single pensioner households make up 55 per cent of all households living in the 10% most deprived areas compared to 26 per cent of households in the 10% least deprived areas. Conversely, households containing two or more adults with or without children are more common in the less deprived areas.

Since 1991, there has been an increase in the proportion of lone parent, single adult of working age, and single pensioner households across all areas (Charts 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8). In the 10% most deprived areas, the percentage of single adult of working age households has increased from 18 to 26 per cent between 1991 and 2001. For lone parent households, the increase has been from 11 to 13 per cent over the same period. For single adult of working age households the largest proportional increase has been in the most deprived areas, conversely for lone parent households the largest proportional increase has been in the least deprived areas, for single pensioner households the proportional increase has been broadly comparable across all areas.

Chart 2.5: Average Household Size, 2001
Persons per household

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (2001 census)

Chart 2.6: Lone parent households, 1991 and 2001
Percentage

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (1991 and 2001 census)
Note: Lone parent households are those with one adult of any age and one or more children.

Chart 2.7: Single adult of working age households, 1991 and 2001
Percentage

Chart 2.7: Single adult of working age households, 1991 and 2001 image

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (1991 and 2001 census)
Note: 'Working age' refers to people aged 16 years to pensionable age.

Chart 2.8: Single pensioner households, 1991 and 2001
Percentage

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (1991 and 2001 census)
Note: Pensionable age refers to men aged 65 and over and to women aged 60 and over.

Migration

The overall level of migrants (defined as those people who had moved address in the year prior to the 2001 census) is comparable across all areas, with the 10% most deprived areas experiencing slightly more migration.

For all types of area, those migrants who had an address in Scotland the year prior to the census, were most likely to move to another address within the decile they were originally living in, followed by moves to the nearest decile above and below (Table 2.9). Around 53 per cent of migrants in the 10% most deprived areas (decile one) who had moved from an address within Scotland had moved from an address in the 10% most deprived areas. In other areas around 20 to 35 per cent of people moved to an address within the same decile. One of the factors that may explain this is that migrants in the most deprived decile do not have a decile below to move to as is relatively common in the other deciles. Another factor may be the likelihood of people to move within their local communities. In the large extents of concentrations of deprivation in Glasgow there is a greater chance than in other areas in Scotland of moving into an area that is in the most deprived 10%.

Of those migrants leaving Scotland, a higher proportion originated from the least deprived areas (17 per cent of migrants leaving Scotland for elsewhere in the UK were from the 10% least deprived areas, compared with six per cent from the 10% most deprived areas.

Table 2.9: Origin and destination of people whose address had differed to one year prior to 2001 census, by SIMD decileColumn percentages, all persons

		Address at time of census (2001)
		Decile 1 - Most deprived	Decile 2	Decile 3	Decile 4	Decile 5	Decile 6	Decile 7	Decile 8	Decile 9	Decile 10 - Least deprived	Now live outside Scotland but within the UK
Address one year before census	Decile 1 - Most deprived	53	18	12	9	7	5	4	4	3	2	6
	Decile 2	14	29	14	11	8	7	6	5	5	3	6
	Decile 3	9	14	23	12	10	8	8	7	6	5	7
	Decile 4	6	10	12	21	12	10	8	8	8	6	8
	Decile 5	5	7	9	10	22	11	10	9	8	6	9
	Decile 6	4	6	7	9	10	23	11	10	9	7	11
	Decile 7	3	5	6	8	9	11	22	11	11	10	11
	Decile 8	3	4	6	7	8	9	11	21	13	11	12
	Decile 9	2	4	5	7	7	8	10	12	21	15	13
	Decile 10 - Least deprived	2	3	5	7	6	7	10	11	17	35	17
	Numbers, all deciles	52,132	47,045	48,805	47,928	44,903	46,478	47,691	45,555	46,176	47,076	47,766

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (2001 census)

Migrants with no usual address one year before the 2001 Census were most likely to move in to the most deprived areas. Some 20 per cent of migrants with no usual address one year before the Census were most likely to move in to the 10% most deprived areas.

Chart 2.10: Migrants with no usual address one year prior to the 2001 Census
Number

General Register Office for Scotland (2001 census)

Migrants from the rest of the UK were more likely to move to the least deprived deciles. Seventeen per cent of migrants in Scotland, who moved from elsewhere in the UK, moved in to the 10% least deprived areas. This is also the case for migrants from the rest of the world, with 22 per cent moving in to the 10% least deprived areas. These are likely to be economic migrants, entering the area for work and may, therefore, be less likely to move in to the most deprived areas.

Chart 2.11: Migrants from outwith Scotland, 2001
Number

General Register Office for Scotland (2001 census)

Ethnicity

The 2001 Census shows that there are just over 100,000 people describing themselves as from minority ethnic groups in Scotland. This equates to some two per cent of the population.

Analysing the minority ethnic backgrounds of people by the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation is not straightforward. Whilst differing levels of deprivation and poverty are a major factor, results should be considered in the context of small populations, differing concentrations in large urban areas (where there are more deprived areas) and other factors such as age structure of different groups, family composition and housing tenure.

The analysis shows that people describing themselves as belonging to groups including Other White British, Other White, Indian and Chinese are more likely to live in the least deprived areas (Table 2.12). Whereas people describing themselves as belonging to groups including African, Black Scottish or Other Black Background, Other South Asian, Other Ethnic Group, White Irish, and Any Mixed Background have higher proportions of their population living in both the most and least deprived deciles, and are under-represented in the middle, more rural, deciles.

Table 2.12: Ethnic Group, 2001
Numbers, Row Percentages

	Population	Decile 1 - Most deprived	Decile 2	Decile 3	Decile 4	Decile 5	Decile 6	Decile 7	Decile 8	Decile 9	Decile 10 - Least deprived
White Scottish	4,459,071	11	11	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
Other White British	373,685	4	4	6	8	10	12	13	13	14	16
White Irish	49,428	13	10	11	10	9	9	9	9	10	11
Other White	78,150	6	6	7	9	8	10	10	12	12	19
Indian	15,037	6	6	9	8	8	8	9	12	14	20
Pakistani	31,793	11	9	19	8	8	7	7	10	9	11
Bangladeshi	1,981	10	11	11	8	9	7	8	10	14	13
Other South Asian	6,196	19	9	9	7	6	7	7	10	12	14
Chinese	16,310	8	6	8	8	8	9	8	11	14	20
Caribbean	1,778	11	8	11	10	8	10	9	9	9	14
African	5,118	21	10	10	10	6	7	8	7	8	14
Black Scottish or Other Black Background	1,129	18	12	11	10	9	8	8	7	6	11
Other Ethnic Background	9,571	13	7	8	8	7	8	8	9	12	19
Any Mixed Background	12,764	12	8	10	9	8	8	9	10	11	15
Total	5,062,011	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (2001 census)
Note: Some cells are based on counts of less than 100.

People who described themselves as Africans, Black Scottish or other Black Background and Other South Asian have high proportions of their population living in the most deprived decile. This may be explained by high levels of unemployment in these ethnic groups. The Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census shows that these three groups experience the highest rates of unemployment in Scotland. It is interesting to note, however, that 15 per cent of people who described themselves as Africans aged 16 to 74 have no qualifications, compared with 33 per cent on average in Scotland. People who described themslves as Other South Asian and Black Scottish or other Black Background groups, however, have higher proportions of people with no qualifications - especially in the 16 to 34 age group (24 per cent and 23 per cent, respectively, compared with 14 per cent on average in Scotland). It is important to note that, although the Census provides information on employment, the Labour Force Survey is the official source of data on the Labour Market.

The age distribution of some minority ethnic groups varies significantly and, in particular, many minority ethnic groups have younger age distributions. For example, of all those people who described themselves as being from the Pakistani ethnic group, 33 per cent are children aged under 16, compared with 19 per cent of the population of Scotland as a whole. For the Any Mixed Background ethnic group, 44 per cent are children aged under 16 (Table 2.13).

Apart from the Chinese, Indian and White Irish minority ethnic groups, there are slightly higher proportions of children under 16 living in the 15% most deprived areas than there are in the total minority ethnic groups population.

Table 2.13: Under 16 population as a proportion of Ethnic group population, 2001
Percentage of ethnic group population

	15% Most deprived	Rest of Scotland	Scotland
White Scottish	22	20	20
Other White British	12	10	10
White Irish	5	6	6
Other White	17	14	15
Indian	23	23	23
Pakistani	35	33	33
Bangladeshi	33	30	31
Other South Asian	30	27	28
Chinese	19	22	22
Caribbean	19	17	18
African	28	22	24
Black Scottish or Other Black Background	38	27	30
Other Ethnic Background	28	20	22
Any Mixed Background	43	45	44
Total	21	19	19

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (2001 census)
Note: Some cells are based on counts of less than 100.

Country of birth

Analysis of country of birth can provide useful information on first generation migrants. It can be seen that such migrants from all countries are more likely than people born in Scotland to live in the least deprived areas. The analysis also shows that migrants born in the Republic of Ireland, Middle East, and Eastern Europe are also more likely than those born in Scotland to live in the most deprived areas (Table 2.14).

Table 2.14: Country of birth of Scotland Population, 2001
Numbers, row percentages

	Population	Decile 1 - Most deprived	Decile 2	Decile 3	Decile 4	Decile 5	Decile 6	Decile 7	Decile 8	Decile 9	Decile 10 - Least deprived
Scotland	4,410,400	11	11	10	10	10	10	9	10	10	9
England	408,948	4	5	6	8	10	12	13	13	13	16
Western Europe	46,779	6	7	8	10	9	10	10	12	12	17
Northern Ireland	33,528	7	7	9	10	9	11	10	10	12	15
South Asia	25,973	10	8	13	8	8	8	9	11	12	15
Africa	22,049	9	7	8	9	8	9	10	11	12	16
North America	21,796	5	6	7	8	9	9	10	11	13	21
Republic of Ireland	21,774	15	10	11	9	8	9	9	8	9	11
Asia Far East	21,538	7	5	8	8	8	9	9	12	14	21
Wales	16,623	5	5	7	8	10	11	12	12	14	16
Oceania	11,263	4	5	7	9	9	10	12	13	14	18
Asia Middle East	7,858	17	8	6	7	6	8	9	10	12	17
Eastern Europe	7,332	12	8	9	10	8	9	10	10	10	15
South America	2,617	4	4	7	8	7	10	9	12	14	25
Ireland part not specified, Channel Islands and Isle of Man	1,655	6	8	9	10	10	12	12	10	12	12
UK part not specified	941	7	6	9	9	8	14	13	8	12	14
Other	937	14	7	10	9	9	10	10	7	7	16

Source: General Register Office for Scotland (2001 census)

Religion

For the first time, the 2001 Census included a voluntary question on current religion and 95 per cent of people answered the question. As with the ethnicity analysis, the religion results should be interpreted with care.

Just over 60 per cent of people who described themselves as Roman Catholic live in the Glasgow and Clyde valley (which covers East Dunbartonshire, East Renfrewshire, Glasgow City, Inverclyde, North Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire and West Dunbartonshire), and this area also contains 70 per cent of the 15% most deprived areas in Scotland.

However, it is interesting to note that in 17 of the 32 local authorities, the percentage of Roman Catholics living in the 15% most deprived areas of Scotland is higher than the percentage of Roman Catholics living in the local authority as a whole. Of the remaining 15 authorities, 13 have equal percentages in the 15% most deprived areas and the local authority as a whole. Two authorities, Aberdeen City and Falkirk, have a greater proportion living outwith the 15% most deprived areas.

For Roman Catholics, higher levels of limiting long term illness and lack of qualifications in the middle age groups may partly explain their concentration in the most deprived areas. The Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census shows that the proportion of Roman Catholics with a limiting long term illness ( LLTI) is higher than the Scottish average (for example, 41 per cent of men aged 50 to pensionable age compared with 31 per cent across Scotland). In the 2001 Census 32 per cent of Roman Catholics aged 30 to 49 had no qualifications, compared with 25 per cent across Scotland.

People who described themselves as Muslims are also more likely to live in both the 10% most deprived areas and the 10% least deprived areas. Fourteen per cent of Muslims live in the 10% most deprived, and 12 per cent live in the 10% least deprived, however, between seven and eight per cent live in deciles five and six (Table 2.1).

The prevalence of Muslims in the most deprived areas may be explained by higher levels of LLTI among older people; and high levels of economic inactivity and lack of qualifications among younger people. The Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census shows that 50 per cent of Muslim women aged 50 to pensionable age, and 70 per cent of those of pensionable age to 74 years, had an LLTI. This compares with a Scottish average of 28 per cent and 42 per cent in the respective age groups. Of all the Religions analysed, Muslims were also most likely to be economically inactive (65 per cent of Muslim women were economically inactive - considerably higher than the Scottish average for women of 27 per cent). Younger Muslim people aged 16 to 49 years were among the most likely to have no qualifications (22 per cent of Muslims compared with 12 per cent across Scotland in the 16 to 29 age group, and 45 per cent of Muslims compared with 25 per cent across Scotland in the 30 to 49 age group).

It is important to note that the Scottish Labour Force Survey uses different groupings for variables such as age and level of qualifications to the Census. The Labour Force Survey is the official source of data on the Labour Market.

Many other people who described themselves as belonging to religious groups including Jewish, Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist are more likely to be living in the least deprived areas in Scotland.

Table 2.15: Percentage of each current religion group's population living in each SIMD decile, 2001
Numbers, row percentages

	Population	Decile 1 - Most deprived	Decile 2	Decile 3	Decile 4	Decile 5	Decile 6	Decile 7	Decile 8	Decile 9	Decile 10 - Least deprived
Church of Scotland	2,146,251	8	9	9	10	10	10	11	11	11	11
Roman Catholic	803,732	19	14	12	10	9	7	7	7	8	7
Other Christian	344,562	5	6	8	9	10	11	12	11	12	14
Buddhist	6,830	7	6	8	11	9	11	10	11	12	16
Hindu	5,564	5	5	8	8	7	9	8	12	14	25
Jewish	6,448	3	3	5	5	5	5	6	11	15	43
Muslim	42,557	14	9	16	8	8	7	7	10	10	12
Sikh	6,572	8	5	11	7	9	7	8	14	14	17
Another religion	26,974	6	7	10	11	10	11	11	11	11	14
No religion	1,394,460	9	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	11
Not Answered	278,061	17	13	11	10	9	9	8	8	8	7
Total	5,062,011	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10

Source: General Register office for Scotland (2001 census)

Disability

The 2001/2 Scottish Household Survey ( SHS) estimates that just under one in five adults in Scotland has a disability and/or long-term illness (Table 2.16). The Census also asks respondents about limiting long-term illness and these results are shown in Chapter 6 on health. According to the SHS, there are small differences between the sexes, 18 per cent of men and 19 per cent of women consider themselves to have a disability and/or long-term illness (based on un-rounded data). Overall 19 per cent of the adult population report having a disability and/or long-term illness. This compares to 29 per cent of those individuals residing in the 20% most deprived areas (the highest proportion of any area) and 11 per cent of those individuals residing in the 20% least deprived areas (the lowest proportion of any area).

The fourth publication in the Social Focus series, Social Focus on Disability 2004, explored disability issues in detail.

Table 2.16: Adults with a disability or long-term illness by sex, 2001 and 2002
Numbers, column percentages

	Men	Women	Quintile 1 - 20% Most deprived	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5 - 20% Least deprived	Scotland
Disability	7	7	10	8	6	5	4	7
Long-term illness	8	8	12	9	8	6	5	8
Both disability and long-term illness	4	4	7	5	4	2	2	4
No disability or long-term illness	82	81	71	77	83	87	90	81
All Adults aged 16 and over	11,800	15,921	5,477	5,550	5,949	5,590	5,155	27,721

Source: Scottish Household Survey
Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.

References

Social Focus on Women and Men 2002http://www.scotland.gov.uk/stats/sfwm/docs/sfwm-00.asp

Social Focus on Disability 2004http://www.scotland.gov.uk/cru/resfinds/sfod04-00.asp

Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census, Office of the Chief Statistician, Scottish Executive http://www.scotland.gov.uk/stats/bulletins/00398-00.asp

Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census, Office of the Chief Statistician, Scottish Executive http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/social/aescr-00.asp

Results from the 2001 Census can be found via www.scrol.gov.uk

Contacts

Chapter Author
Robert Williams
Office of the Chief Statistician
Scottish Executive
0131 244 0442
neighbourhood.statistics@scotland.gsi.gov.uk

Census data
General Register Office for Scotland
0131 314 4254
customer@gro-scotland.gsi.gov.uk

Scottish Household Survey
0131 244 8420
shs@scotland.gsi.gov.uk

Page updated: Thursday, March 16, 2006

Scottish Government