Effective Interventions Unit: Reducing the impact of local drug markets: A research review
Footnotes
1 Reflecting the 'Availability' objectives in the Scottish Executive Drugs Strategy; see 'Tackling Drugs in Scotland: Action in Partnership' (Scottish Office, 1999).
2 'Tackling Drugs in Scotland: Action in Partnership' (Scottish Office, 1999).
3 Scottish Executive Justice Department targets
4 The target increase will be on the baseline annual average of the financial years 2000/01 to 2002/03
5 http://www.scottish.police.uk/main/acpos/spicc/policing2703V2.pdf
6 Gossop et al, 2000
7 However they did report a relatively low dependence on heroin, which could not be easily explained by the researchers (Gossop et al, 2000: 149)
8 Observed in EIU visits to local forces, and also observed by Gilman & Pearson (1991: 101).
9 E.g. Grogger & Willis (2000) found that the introduction of crack in several urban areas in the US appeared to have substantial effects on levels of violent crime, though essentially no effect on levels of property crime.
10 E.g. Williams et al 2001
11 Williams et al 2001
12 The ideas behind problem solving or problem oriented policing (POP) originate from work by Herman Goldstein (1979, 1990).
13 Green 1996:5
14Mason & Bucke 2002: 8-9
15 Supported to some extent by research conducted by Weatherburn et al 2003. A heroin drought in Australia produced a 'natural experiment' allowing the effects of a significant drop in availability to be observed. As heroin availability decreased, the price of heroin increased, while purity, consumption & expenditure on the drug decreased. The rate of drug overdoses also fell. However there was an increase in the use of other drugs (mainly cocaine).
16 Worden et al 1994: 95
17Use of cautioning is not available to police officers in Scotland
18 Kleiman et al 1988, in Mason & Bucke 2002
19 e.g. Jersey City Drug Market Analysis Experiment (Weisburd & Green 1995)
20 Cf. Murji 1994 : 61
21 Lupton et al 2002: 43
22 Such as the 'TNT' - Tactical Narcotics Team - operations in New York. See Mason & Bucke (2002: 14) for a summary of the intervention & evaluation.
23 Such as the COPS programme conducted in St Louis; see this review and Mason & Bucke (2002: 12) for a summary of this intervention & evaluation.
24 Hough & Edmunds 1999: 124
25 None of the research projects subject to 'systematic' review by Mason and Bucke (2002) examined the use of civil remedies to directly target the individual.
26 Lupton et al (2002)
27 Lee 1995: 391
28 cf. Flemen (2003)
29 Cf.Gilman & Pearson (1991).
30 Gilman & Pearson 1991: 109. For example they are supportive of a coercive model of arrest referral services.
31 See summary of the Lynn Drug Task Force evaluation in this review (pg. 17)
32 Hough 1996: 22
33 Weatherburn & Lind 2001
34 Heroin users' own experiences of arrest and imprisonment were only found to increase the likelihood of entering treatment when age and length of time as a regular user were excluded from the set of control variables (Weatherburn and Lind 2001: 577).
35 See for example EIU treatment review: The effectiveness of treatment for opiate dependent drug users: an international systematic review of the evidence, 2002, Simoens et al
36 Gossop, Marsden & Stewart 2000: 143
37 Gossop, Marsden & Stewart 2001
38 Edmunds et al 1998: iv
39 Sondhi et al (2002)
40 Edmunds et al (1998)
41 Williams et al (2001)
42 Dixon & Coffin (1999)
43 Weatherburn & Lind (1999), Weatherburn et al 2003
44 Weatherburn et al 2003: 83
45 Maher & Dixon (1999)
46 Blanken & Barendregt (1998)
47 Blanken, Barendregt & Zuidmulder (1999, 2000)
48 Havis & Best 2003: 19
49 Lund 2003:7
50 The Home Office guide 'Disrupting Crack Markets' provides guidance to police on the issue of handling suspected dealers who are believed to be storing crack orally (Home Office 2003: 43).
51 Williams et al (2001)
52 This was also a recommendation of the Advisory Council for the Misuse of Drugs (2000: 79). It stated that ambulance services should not inform the police when they are called to a drug overdose as a matter of course, rather, that police should be involved only in exceptional circumstances.
53 Canty et al (2001)
54 Blanken et al 2000: 146
55 Curtis & Wendell (1999), in Dixon & Coffin (1999)
56 Mason & Bucke (2002)
57 See for example the work of 'Special Duty Unit 3', evaluated by Uchida et al (1992)
58 The EIU case study research will utilise these research methods. See Annex A for further details.
59 Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Scotland) Act 2000
60 ACPOS Drug Strategy 2003: 10